Martin Brune has pointed out that Kraepelin and Rudin also appear to have been ardent advocates of a self-domestication theory, a version of social darwinism which held that modern culture was not allowing people to be weeded out, resulting in more mental disorder and deterioration of the gene pool.

He argued against Kraepelin that schizophrenia was not the product of organic deterioration, and not necessarily incurable.

One day, for a practical joke, Nissl ( who was an active campaigner against human consumption of alcohol ) placed a row of empty beer bottles outside his laboratory and made sure that Kraepelin heard that he could be found lying under his desk, dead drunk.

Aloysius " Alois " Alzheimer (; 14 June 1864 – 19 December 1915 ) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin.

The term " manic-depressive illness " or psychosis was coined by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the late nineteenth century, originally referring to all kinds of mood disorder.

It was popularized by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 – 1926 ) in 1893, 1896 and 1899 in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that would eventually be reframed into a substantially different disease concept and relabeled as schizophrenia.

However, Kraepelin himself noted cases in between and eventually accepted that it was not possible to distinguish his categories on the basis of cross-sectional symptoms.

From the outset, dementia praecox was viewed by Kraepelin as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered.

However, by 1913, and more explicitly by 1920, Kraepelin admitted that although there seemed to be a residual cognitive defect in most cases, the prognosis was not as uniformly dire as he had stated in the 1890s.

Emil Kraepelin ( 15 February 1856, Neustrelitz – 7 October 1926, Munich ) was a German psychiatrist.

Kraepelin, the son of a civil servant, was born in 1856 in Neustrelitz, in the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Germany.

In 1886, at the age of 30, Kraepelin was named professor of psychiatry at the University of Dorpat ( today the University of Tartu ) in what is today Estonia ( see Burgmair et al., Vol IV ).

In fact, it was precisely because of the demonstrated inadequacy of such methods that Kraepelin developed his new diagnostic system.

Kraepelin is specifically credited with the classification of what was previously considered to be a unitary concept of psychosis, into two distinct forms ( known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy ):

Kraepelin believed that schizophrenia had a deteriorating course in which mental function continuously ( although perhaps erratically ) declines, while manic-depressive patients experienced a course of illness which was intermittent, where patients were relatively symptom-free during the intervals which separate acute episodes.

In the first through sixth edition of Kraepelin's influential psychiatry textbook, there was a section on moral insanity, which meant then a disorder of the emotions or moral sense without apparent delusions or hallucinations, and which Kraepelin defined as ' lack or weakness of those sentiments which counter the ruthless satisfaction of egotism '.

This has been described as a psychiatric redefinition of Cesare Lombroso's theories of the ' born criminal ', conceptualised as a ' moral defect ', though Kraepelin stressed it was not yet possible to recognise them by physical characteristics.

Kraepelin's assumption of a moral defect rather than a positive drive towards crime has also been questioned, as it implies that the moral sense is somehow inborn and unvarying, yet it was known to vary by time and place, and Kraepelin never considered that the moral sense might just be different.

Kraepelin was confident that it would someday be possible to identify the pathologic basis of each of the major psychiatric disorders.

The division of the major psychoses into manic depressive illness ( now called bipolar disorder ) and dementia praecox ( now called schizophrenia ) was made by Emil Kraepelin, who attempted to create a synthesis of the various mental disorders identified by 19th century psychiatrists, by grouping diseases together based on classification of common symptoms.

For this research he was well fitted after his work under Kraepelin at Heidelberg.

In 1931 he became director of the German Psychiatric Research Institute in Munich, which was previously founded by Emil Kraepelin.

Anhedonia, or a reduced ability to experience pleasure, is a feature of full-blown schizophrenia that was commented on by both Kraepelin and Bleuler.

While there, he was examined by the prominent German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin and diagnosed with the catatonic form of dementia praecox.

His task was to expand an earlier collection of art created by the mentally ill and started by Emil Kraepelin.

Kraepelin, regarding the major psychoses as naturally occurring disease entities, reduced the complex psychiatric taxonomies of the nineteenth century by dividing them into two classes: manic depressive psychosis or dementia praecox.

Kraepelin believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction.

Kraepelin postulated that there is a specific brain or other biological pathology underlying each of the major psychiatric disorders.

Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 – 1926 ) introduced new medical categories of mental illness, which eventually came into psychiatric usage despite their basis in behavior rather than pathology or etiology.

Jaspers graduated from medical school in 1909 and began work at a psychiatric hospital in Heidelberg where Emil Kraepelin had worked some years earlier.

In fact, Schneider's mixing of the medical and the moral has been described as the most noteworthy aspect of this work, which has been linked back to German reception of Cesare Lombroso's theory of the ' born criminal ', redefined by Emil Kraepelin and others ( see also Koch ) in to psychiatric terms as a ' moral defect '.

* Richard Noll, " Styles of psychiatric practice, 1906-1925: Clinical evaluations of the same patient by James Jackson Putnam, Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, Emil Kraepelin and Smith Ely Jelliffe ," History of Psychiatry, 2004, 10: 145-189.

He studied with the most eminent neurologists of his time, first in Paris, France, with Pierre Marie and Dupré, then in Munich, Germany, with Emil Kraepelin ( the " father " of modern scientific psychiatry ) and Alois Alzheimer ( the discoverer of the most common form of senile dementia, which today bears his name ); and in Heidelberg, with Franz Nissl, a neuropathologist.

Kraepelin, on the basis on the dream-psychosis analogy, studied for more than 20 years language disorder in dreams in order to study indirectly schizophasia.

Kraepelin used the term ' manic depressive insanity ' to describe the whole spectrum of mood disorders, in a far wider sense than it is usually used today.

In 1909 he commenced clinical work under the psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin and did laboratory work with Franz Nissl and Alois Alzheimer in Munich.

Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of " presenile dementia ", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease.

Kraepelin contrasted this with manic-depressive psychosis, in which he included not just what would be termed bipolar disorder today but also other forms of mood disorder, including major depressive disorder.

Although " dementia " is part of the name of the disease, Kraepelin did not intend it to be similar to senile dementia and rarely used this term to refer to the end state of the disease.

Kraepelin began his medical studies at 18, in Leipzig and Würzburg, Germany.

Kraepelin would be a disciple of Wundt and had a lifelong interest in experimental psychology based on his theories.

While there, Kraepelin wrote a prize-winning essay, " The Influence of Acute Illness in the Causation of Mental Disorders.

Kraepelin proposed that by studying case histories and identifying specific disorders, the progression of mental illness could be predicted, after taking into account individual differences in personality and patient age at the onset of disease.

In 1903 Kraepelin moved to Munich to take up post as Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the University of Munich.

Kraepelin retired from teaching at the age of 66, spending his remaining years establishing the Institute.

Kraepelin announced that he had found a new way of looking at mental illness.

Kraepelin also demonstrated specific patterns in the genetics of these disorders and specific and characteristic patterns in their course and outcome.