The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy ( 218 BC ) and are described as fighting for the Carthaginians ; they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC, sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes.

It was apparently one of the cities which revolted to the Carthaginians immediately after the battle of Cannae, though, in another passage, Livy seems to place its defection somewhat later.

Livy states that Hannibal deployed 4000 Macedonians in the second line, which is normally rejected as Roman propaganda, though T Dorey suggested that there might have been a seed of truth in the story if the Carthaginians had recruited a trivial number of mercenaries from Macedonia who had gone without official blessing.

Livy says that the pass was not named after the Carthaginians but after a mountain god.

During Virgil's time Aeneas was well-known and various versions of his adventures were circulating in Rome, including Roman Antiquities by Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( relying on Marcus Terentius Varro, Ab Urbe Condita by Livy ( probably dependent on Quintus Fabius Pictor, fl.

For example, Alfonso halted his army in pious respect before the birthplace of a Latin writer, carried Livy or Caesar on his campaigns with him, and his panegyrist Panormita even stated that the king was cured of an illness when a few pages of Quintus Curtius Rufus ' history of Alexander the Great were read to him.

Livy suggests, perhaps incorrectly, that both Curule as well as Plebeian Aediles were sacrosanct.

The archaeological evidence from Bologna and its vicinity contradicts the testimony of Polybius and Livy on some points, who say the Boii expelled the Etruscans and perhaps some were forced to leave.

Livy and Cicero were both aware that highly specialized Etruscan religious rites were codified in several sets of books written in Etruscan under the generic Latin title Etrusca Disciplina.

According to Livy, they were caught completely off-guard by Antenor.

According to Livy horses and boxers from Etruria were sent for as the first to participate in the thenceforth annual games.

According to Livy, the Rutuli were, at that time, a very wealthy nation and Tarquinius was keen to obtain the booty which would come with victory over the Rutuli in order, in part, to assuage the anger of his subjects.

According to the story, told mainly by the Roman historian Livy and the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( who lived in Rome at the time of the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus ), her rape by the king's son and consequent suicide were the immediate cause of the revolution that overthrew the monarchy and established the Roman Republic.

In 451 BC, according to the traditional story ( as Livy tells it ), ten Roman citizens were chosen to record the laws ( decemviri legibus scribundis ).

Like his contemporaries ( all of whom who were educated by reading classical authors such as Livy, Cicero, and Horace ), Shaftesbury admired the simplicity of life of classical antiquity.

It is also known from Livy that the mines and the forests were leased for a fixed sum under Philip V, and it appears that the same happened under the Argaead dynasty: from here possibly comes the leasing system that was used in Ptolemaic Egypt.

Florus calls it the urbs urbinum, or capital of Sardinia, and represents it as taken and severely punished by Gracchus, but this statement is wholly at variance with the account given by Livy, of the wars of Gracchus, in Sardinia, according to which the cities were faithful to Rome, and the revolt was confined to the mountain tribes.

According to Livy, the three tribes were in fact squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions.

Livy informs us that the rapid spread of the cult, which he claims indulged in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, led in 186 BC to a decree of the Senate – the so-called Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, inscribed on a bronze tablet discovered in Apulia in Southern Italy ( 1640 ), now at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna – by which the Bacchanalia were prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.

In spite of the severe punishment inflicted on those found in violation of this decree ( Livy claims there were more executions than imprisonment ), the Bacchanalia survived in Southern Italy long past the repression.

The book explicitly notes that, having made war on the ground, man would now fill the skies with death, and all precious things were in danger of being lost, like the lost histories of Rome (" Lost books of Livy ").

Livy mentions that the Latini were led and governed in warfare by two of them and the Samnites by one.

Livy mentions that, among other tasks, these executive officers were told to lead troops against perceived threats ( domestic or foreign ), investigate possible subversion, raise troops, conduct special sacrifices, distribute windfall money, appoint commissioners and even exterminate locusts.

Livy and others have suggested that the luxurious conditions were Hannibal's " Cannae " because his troops became soft and demoralized by luxurious living.

About half of these books — Plutarch and Livy differ on their number — were thought to cover the priesthoods he had established or developed, including the flamines, pontifices, Salii, and fetiales and their rituals.

According to Plutarch, these books were recovered some four hundred years later ( in reality almost five hundred years, i. e. in 186 BC according to Livy ) at the occasion of a natural accident that exposed the tomb.

In the abbreviated ( one section ) and skeptical version of Livy, no battle took place, but " his own men, a panic-struck mob, were deserting their posts and throwing away their arms .".

Livy gives no clue as to what such men were doing on the field in the first place and, though finding Cocles ' feats incredible, apparently sees no contradiction between the rank, experience and character of the generals and their supposed behavior on the field.

According to Livy, the settlement on the Esquiline was expanded during the reign of Servius Tullius, Rome ' sixth king, in the 6th century BC.

According to Livy the war was commenced by the Latins who anticipated Ancus would follow the pious pursuit of peace adopted by his grandfather, Numa Pompilius.

The declaration is notable since, according to Livy, it was the first time that the Romans had declared war by means of the rites of the fetials.

Her function as bestower of authority to rule is also attested in the story related by Livy in which a Sabine man who sacrifices a heifer to Diana wins for his country the seat of the Roman empire.

The formation of the Latin League led by Laevius ( or Baebius ) Egerius happened under the influence of an alliance with the tyrant of Cuma Aristodemos and is probably connected to the political events at end of the 6th century narrated by Livy and Dionysius, such as the siege of Aricia by Porsenna's son Arruns.

* A sacred wood mentioned by Livy ad compitum Anagninum ( near Anagni ).

* Livy The War with Hannibal translated by Aubrey de Selincourt 1974, Penguin Books, London, England.

The latter may or may not be identical with the Teutones named by Livy.

Caesar is the only narrative source for this episode, as the corresponding books of Livy ’ s histories are only preserved in the Periochae, short summarising lists of contents, in which hostages given by the Romans, but no yoke, are mentioned.

The fired rockfall event is mentioned only by Livy ; Polybius is mute on the subject and there is no evidence of carbonized rock at the only two-tier rockfall in the Western Alps, located below the Col de la Traversette ( Mahaney, 2008 ).

The American founders rarely cited Rousseau, but came independently to their Republicanism and enthusiastic admiration for the austere virtues described by Livy and in Plutarch's portrayals of the great men of ancient Sparta and the classical republicanism of early Rome, as did many, if not most other enlightenment figures.

According to Livy, Tarquinius increased the number of the Senate by the addition of 100 men from the minor leading families.

Livy also says that she took a part of her father's body, and his blood, and returned with it to her own and her husband's household gods, and that by the end of her journey she was, herself, covered in the blood.

According to Livy, Tarquin cut off the heads of the tallest poppies in his garden as an allegory to instruct his son Sextus to pacify a recently-conquered enemy city by executing its leading citizens.

Pocock, in the so-called " Cambridge School " of interpretation have been able to show that some of the republican themes in Machiavelli's political works, particularly the Discourses on Livy, can be found in medieval Italian literature which was influenced by classical authors such as Sallust.

Both Livy ( in Latin, living in Augustus ' time ) and Plutarch ( in Greek, a century later ), described how Rome had developed its legislation, notably the transition from a kingdom to a republic, by following the example of the Greeks.

The traditional account of Roman history, which has come down to us through Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and others, is that in Rome's first centuries it was ruled by a succession of seven kings.

Livy depicts Servius ' mother as a captured Latin princess enslaved by the Romans ; her child is chosen as Rome's future king after a ring of fire is seen around his head.