* 1965 – The Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet.

# REDIRECT Mariner 4

rightMariner 3 and Mariner 4 were Mars flyby missions.

Its sister ship, Mariner 4, launched on November 28, 1964, was the first successful flyby of the planet Mars and gave the first glimpse of Mars at close range.

* Mariner 4 – Communications lost after bombardment by micrometeoroids.

Mariner 4 ( together with Mariner 3 known as Mariner-Mars 1964 ) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft, launched on November 28, 1964, intended for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface.

Mariner 4 was designed to conduct closeup scientific observations of Mars and to transmit these observations to Earth.

On December 21, 1967 communications with Mariner 4 were terminated.

The Mariner 4 spacecraft consisted of an octagonal magnesium frame, 127 cm across a diagonal and 45. 7 cm high.

Mariner 4 is prepared for a weight test on 1 November 1963

The electrical power for the instruments and the radio transmitter of Mariner 4 was supplied by 28, 224 solar cells contained in the four 176 x 90 cm solar panels, which could provide 310 watts at the distance of Mars.

Mariner 4 was the first space probe that needed a star for a navigational reference object, since earlier missions, which remained near either the Earth, the Moon, or the planet Venus, had sighted onto either the bright face of the home planet or the brightly lit target.

The telecommunications equipment on Mariner 4 consisted of dual S-band transmitters ( with either a seven-watt triode cavity amplifier or a ten watt traveling-wave tube amplifier ) and a single radio receiver which together could send and receive data via the low-and high-gain antennas at 8⅓ or 33⅓ bits per second.

Launch of Mariner 4

After launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12 the protective shroud covering Mariner 4 was jettisoned and the Agena D / Mariner 4 combination separated from the Atlas D booster at 14: 27: 23 UTC on November 28, 1964.

The 7½ months of flight of Mariner 4 involved one midcourse maneuver on December 5, 1964.

After the maneuver, Mariner 4 was on course for Mars as planned.

At 02: 19: 11 UT Mariner 4 passed behind Mars as seen from Earth and the radio signal ceased.

On December 21, 1967 communications with Mariner 4 were terminated.

The images returned showed a Moon-like cratered terrain, which later missions showed was not typical for Mars, but only for the more ancient region imaged by Mariner 4.

There is, then ... one glory of ' Kubla Khan ' and another glory of ' The Ancient Mariner ,' as one star differeth from another star in glory.

In 1966, Virginia Radley considered Wordsworth and his sister as an important influence to Coleridge writing a great poem: " Almost daily social intercourse with this remarkable brother and sister seemed to provide the catalyst to greatness, for it is during this period that Coleridge conceived his greatest poems, ' Christabel ,' ' The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ,' and ' Kubla Khan ,' poems so distinctive and so different from his others that many generations of readers know Coleridge solely through them.

The Mariner program was a program conducted by the American space agency NASA in conjunction with Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) that launched a series of robotic interplanetary probes designed to investigate Mars, Venus and Mercury from 1962 to 1973.

As the program progressed, the name was later changed to Voyager, as the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions.

Image: Mars ( Mariner 4 ). jpg | The first close-up image ever taken of Mars, this photo shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame.

Mariner 4 may have concluded the gradual change, in science fiction, from describing intelligent aliens as dwellers on other planets in our Solar System, to describing them as living on planets circling distant stars.

* Processed images and mosaics from the Mariner 4 mission to Mars

* November 5 – Mariner program: Mariner 3, a U. S. space probe intended for Mars, is launched from Cape Kennedy but fails.

** Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 space probe from Cape Kennedy toward Mars to take television pictures of that planet in July 1965.

** U. S. spacecraft Mariner 2 flies by Venus, becoming the first probe to successfully transmit data from another planet.

* July 14 – U. S. spacecraft Mariner 4 flies by Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to return images from the Red Planet.

Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and reached the planet on November 14 of the same year, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet — only narrowly beating Soviet Mars 2 and Mars 3, which both arrived within a month.

Mariner 9 was designed to continue the atmospheric studies begun by Mariner 6 and 7, and to map over 70 % of the Martian surface from the lowest altitude ( and at the highest resolutions ( from 1 kilometer per pixel to 100 meters per pixel ) of any Mars mission up to that point.

Mariner 9's computer was thus reprogrammed from Earth to delay imaging of the surface for a couple of months until the dust settled.

In addition, a small 91 cm × 150 cm ( 3 feet × 5 feet ) United States flag was folded and stowed on board Mariner 1 ( and Mariner 2 ) before it was mated to the Agena.

In the interstellar medium, sodium is identified by the D line ; though it has a high vaporization temperature, its abundance allowed it to be detected by Mariner 10 in Mercury's atmosphere.

* Full-scale engineering prototype of Mariner 2 in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, Washington, D. C.

He also discovered comets C / 1877 G2, C / 1878 N1, C / 1879 M1, C / 1881 J1, C / 1881 W1, C / 1892 E1, D / 1895 Q1 ( a. k. a. D / Swift, whose debris stream Mariner 4 probably encountered on September 15, 1967 < ref >

One of his most remarkably inventive works is the Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner ( 1839 ) based on Samuel Coleridge's famous poem, which recently sold at Sotheby's for ₤ 27, 000.

" An example of a so-called " Jonah " would be that of the sailor in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, who was cursed to be lost at sea after he killed an albatross.

When coming to Kubla Khan, he pointed out: " instead of being content to have written finely under the influence of laudanum, recommends ' Kubla-Khan ' to his readers, not as a poem, but as ' a psychological curiosity ' ... Every lover of books, scholar or not, who knows what it is to have his quarto open against a loaf at his tea ... ought to be in possession of Mr. Coleridge's poems, if it is only for ' Christabel ', ' Kubla Khan ', and the ' Ancient Mariner '.

Others concluded that a search for life on Earth at kilometer resolution, using several thousand photographs, did not reveal a sign of life on the vast majority of these photographs ; thus, based on the 22 photographs taken by Mariner 4, one could not conclude there was no intelligent life on Mars.

The total cost of the Mariner 4 mission is estimated at $ 83. 2 million.

Before the Mariner 4 spacecraft arrived at Mars in July 1965 and dispelled some of the more exotic theories about the planet, the conventional image of Mars was shaped by the observations of the astronomers Giovanni Schiaparelli and Percival Lowell.

# Visual Imaging System – at the lower orbit of Mariner 9, half that of Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 flyby missions, and a vastly improved imaging system, Mariner 9 achieved a resolution of per pixel, whereas previous Martian probes had achieved only approximately per pixel.

Mariner 9 view of the Noctis Labyrinthus " labyrinth " at the western end of Valles Marineris.

When Mariner 9 arrived at Mars on 14 November 1971, planetary scientists were surprised to find the atmosphere was thick with " a planet-wide robe of dust, the largest storm ever observed.

The ultraviolet spectrometer aboard Mariner 9 was constructed by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Mariner 2 was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12 at 06: 53: 14 UTC on August 27, 1962 by a two-stage Atlas-Agena rocket.

The Agena-Mariner separation injected the Mariner 2 spacecraft into a geocentric escape hyperbola at 26 minutes 3 seconds after lift-off.

On December 14, 1962, Mariner 2 passed Venus at nearly 41, 000 km, collecting data about the current condition of the atmosphere and of the planet.

The last transmission from Mariner 2 was received on January 3, 1963 at 07: 00 UTC, making the total time from launch to termination of the Mariner 2 mission 129 days.