Caving was pioneered by Édouard-Alfred Martel ( 1859 – 1938 ) who first achieved the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, France as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110 metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill, in Yorkshire, England in 1895.

Charles Martel () ( 23 August 686 – 22 October 741 ), also known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum ( 737 – 43 ) at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks.

Martel was born in Herstal, the illegitimate son of duke Pepin II and his concubine Alpaida.

According to Strauss and Gustave, Martel fought a brilliant battle, but realized he could not prevail because he was outnumbered so badly, and retreated.

" Charles Martel could have pursued the wars against the Saxons — but he was determined to prepare for what he thought was a greater danger.

The advance into Western Europe was only stopped in what is now north-central France by the West Germanic Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732.

So it was that the armies of the Frankish ruler and warlord Charles Martel, which defeated the Umayyad Arab invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732, were still largely infantry armies, the elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight, providing a hard core for the levy of the infantry warbands.

His pontificate, like that of his predecessor, was disturbed by the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire, and by the ongoing advance of the Lombards, in which he vainly invoked the intervention of Charles Martel.

Even worse news was to follow ; learning that Charles Martel was sick, Liutprand once again returned to attacking the Exarchate in 740, forcing Gregory yet again to appeal to the Franks, who again refused to become involved.

The building ’ s colorful Martel Foyer, drawn from many world cultures, was designed by the architect to symbolically express this collaborative purpose.

The initial grant for the abbey was signed by Carloman, the son of Charles Martel, and a supporter of Boniface's reform efforts in the Frankish church.

Bellême's overlord was the king of France, but Domfort was under the overlordship of Geoffrey Martel and Duke William was Alençon's overlord.

On the death of Hugh of Maine, Geoffrey Martel occupied Maine in a move contested by William and King Henry ; eventually they succeeded in driving Geoffrey from the county, and in the process, William was able to secure the Bellême family strongholds at Alençon and Domfort for himself.

It fell into the hands of the Saracens and was destroyed in 737 by the Franks under Charles Martel for having sided with the Arabs against him.

The initial grant for the abbey was signed by Carloman, the son of Charles Martel.

On the death of Geoffrey Martel ( 14 November 1060 ) there was a dispute as to the succession.

On the other hand, he was successful on the whole in pursuing the policy of Geoffrey Martel in Maine: after destroying La Flèche, by the peace of Blanchelande ( 1081 ), he received the homage of Robert Curthose (" Courteheuse "), son of William the Conqueror, for Maine.

After Charles Martel countered the Moorish invasion from Spain ( 732 — Poitiers ), the King Charlemagne ( born close to Liège in Herstal or Jupille ) brought a huge part of Europe under his rule and was crowned the " Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire " by the Pope Leo III ( 800 in Aachen ).

On 14 February 1917 Colonel Macmullen of the GHQ staff, proposed that the plateau be taken by a mass tank attack, reducing the need for artillery ; in April a reconnaissance by Captain G. le Q Martel found that the area was unsuitable for tanks.

Odo was required to pledge allegiance to the Frankish Charles Martel in exchange for help against the Muslim forces, and Vascon-Aquitanian self-rule first came to an end by 742, and definitely in 768 after the assassination of Waifer.

Modern historians, using estimates of what the land was able to support, and what Martel could have raised from his realm and supported during the campaign, believe the total Muslim force, counting the outlying raiding parties, which rejoined the main body before Tours, badly outnumbered the Franks.

Charles was born in Naples, southern Italy, the only son of Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno and his wife Clementia, a daughter of King Rudolph I of Germany.

Shelley Dawn Marie Martel ( born April 8, 1963 ) is a Canadian politician.

Elie Walter Martel ( born November 26, 1934 ) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada.

Sherri Schrull ( born Sherri Russell, February 8, 1958 – June 15, 2007 ) was an American professional wrestler and manager, better known by her ring names, Sherri Martel and Sensational Sherri.

Arlene Martel ( born April 14, 1936, The Bronx, New York ) is an American actress and acting coach.

Richard Vigneault ( born March 18, 1956 ) is a retired Canadian professional wrestler, best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) between 1980 and 1995 under the ring name Rick Martel.

* Lucrecia Martel ( born 1966 ), Argentinian film director

Hétu was born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec ; he began his professional training at the University of Ottawa where he was a pupil of Jules Martel from 1955 to 1956.

* Priscilla Martel ( born 1956 ), American chef, food writer and consultant

Martel and former Ontario NDP leader Howard Hampton were married in 1994, and have two children, Sarah and Jonathan.

The first occurred June of that year, when Martel wrote a letter to a quasi-judicial body concerning the billing practices of a doctor in northern Ontario.

On December 5, 1991, following an official government function, Martel became involved in a heated discussion about Northern Ontario health care costs with Evelyn Dodds, a Thunder Bay municipal councillor and former Progressive Conservative candidate.

Shortly after his retirement, Martel was named vice-chair of the Environmental Assessment Board by Liberal Premier of Ontario David Peterson.

Shelley Martel is married to Howard Hampton, former leader of the Ontario New Democrats.

Shelley Martel, Elie Martel's daughter and Fawcett's granddaughter, won election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario upon Elie Martel's retirement, and continued to represent the riding of Nickel Belt until her own retirement from politics in 2007.

It is set partly in Peterborough, Ontario, where Martel was a student at Trent University.

Alemannia lost its distinct jurisdictional identity when Charles Martel absorbed it into the Frankish empire, early in the 8th century.

* 732 – Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, the leader of the Franks, Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe.

In 732 AD, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and a large army of Muslim horsemen from Al-Andalus advanced 500 km deep into France, and were stopped at Tours by Charles Martel and his infantry igniting the Battle of Tours.

Later Christian chroniclers and pre-20th century historians praised Charles Martel as the champion of Christianity, characterizing the battle as the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe ; according to modern military historian Victor Davis Hanson, " most of the 18th and 19th century historians, like Gibbon, saw Poitiers ( Tours ), as a landmark battle that marked the high tide of the Muslim advance into Europe.

) Had Charles Martel failed, Henry Hallam argued, there would have been no Charlemagne, no Holy Roman Empire or Papal States ; all these depended upon Charles's containment of Islam from expanding into Europe while the Caliphate was unified and able to mount such a conquest.

*-translated into English by Charles Martel as The principles of harmony and contrast of colours ( 1854 )

Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi ( died 732 ; ), also known as Abd er Rahman, Abdderrahman, Abderame, and Abd el-Rahman, led the Andalusian Muslims into battle against the forces of Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours on October 10, 732 AD.

They also misjudged Charles Martel, who was determined to prevent the expansion of the Caliphate over the Pyrenees into the heart of Christian Europe.

Late on the day of battle, according to most sources, Martel also sent scouts to slip into Abdul Rahman's camp to free the slaves and prisoners being held there.

In 716, he and Ragenfrid together led an army into Austrasia, then being warred over by Plectrude, on behalf of her grandson Theudoald, and Charles Martel, the bastard son of Pepin of Heristal.

In the Super Famicom version, Dhaos ’ s corpse, as well as Martel herself, both become part of the seed, but in the later versions of the game, Martel sends the Mana Seed into space including only Dhaos.

By late 1978-early 1979, Buddy Rose talked Piper into leaving the California promotions for even more fame in Don Owen ’ s Pacific Northwest Territory where he teamed with Killer Tim Brooks, Rick Martel, and Mike Popovich to win the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship.

But southern Burgundy was pillaged by the Saracen invasion of the 8th century, and when Charles Martel had driven the invaders out, he divided Burgundy into four commands: Arles-Burgundy, Vienne-Burgundy, Alamanic Burgundy, and Frankish Burgundy.

He entered into a war with Martel, who pretended to the government of the Saintonge.

Foyle is thrown into the Gouffre Martel, a complex of underground caves in the Pyrenees.

The present-day Sentier Martel travels along the right bank of the river Verdon from its entrance into the Canyon ( Point Sublime ) to the Châlet de la Maline.

Following a brief feud with Bad News Brown in the summer of 1990, Roberts feuded with Rick " The Model " Martel throughout late 1990 into early 1991, after Martel ( kayfabe ) blinded Roberts by spraying cologne into his eyes.

While Eudes faded into history after his horrific defeat at Bordeaux, the Battle of Toulouse carries macrohistorical importance as it bought time for Martel to prepare for the greater invasion mounted by Abd al Rahman in 732.