In 1933, Marcuse published his first major review, of Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844.

In 1844 Marx wrote The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, a work which covered numerous topics, and went into detail to explain Marx's concept of alienated labour.

One can also find this view in Maurice Dobb's Theories of Value and Distribution Since Adam Smith: Ideology and Economic Theory ( 1973 ), as well as in Karl Marx's Theories of Surplus Value.

The philosopher Karl Kautsky ( 1854 – 1938 ) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique, and later published a full, three-volume edition as Theorien über den Mehrwert ( Theories of Surplus Value, 1905 – 1910 ); the first volume was published in English as A History of Economic Theories ( 1952 ).

Although some have separated Marx's works between a " young Marx " ( in particular the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 ) and a " mature Marx " or also by separating it into purely philosophical works, economics works and political and historical interventions, Étienne Balibar ( 1993 ) has pointed out that Marx's works can be divided into " economic works " ( Das Kapital, 1867 ), " philosophical works " and " historical works " ( The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, the 1871 Civil War in France which concerned the Paris Commune and acclaimed it as the first " dictatorship of the proletariat ", etc.

Indeed in 1844, by the look of Marx's writings in that period ( most famous of which is the " Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 ", a text that most explicitly elaborated his theory of alienation ), Marx's thinking could have taken at least three possible courses: the study of law, religion, and the state ; the study of natural philosophy ; and the study of political economy.

Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 in which Marx espoused his theory of alienation, as opposed to his later works, which are considered to be concerned more with his structural conception of capitalist society.

The term " Marxist humanism " has as its foundation Marx's conception of the " alienation of the labourer " as he advanced it in his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 -- an alienation that is born of a capitalist system in which the worker no longer functions as ( what Marx termed ) a free being involved with free and associated labor.

Another key influence also came from the publication in the 1930s of Marx's Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts and The German Ideology, which showed the continuity with Hegelianism that underlay Marx's thought.

The Humanists contend that ‘ Marxism ’ developed lopsidedly because Marx's early works were unknown until after the orthodox ideas were in vogue — the Manuscripts of 1844 were published only in 1932 — and to understand his latter works properly it is necessary to understand Marx's philosophical foundations.

The other important contribution to Marx's revision of Hegelianism came from Engels's book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which led Marx to conceive of the historical dialectic in terms of class conflict and to see the modern working class as the most progressive force for revolution.

Engels ' earliest contribution to Marx's work was writing to the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher journal, which was edited by both Marx and Arnold Ruge in Paris in 1844.

" The quotation originates from the introduction of his proposed work A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right ; this work was never written, but the introduction ( written in 1843 ) was published in 1844 in Marx's own journal Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, a collaboration with Arnold Ruge.

" Frederick Engels, who first established close personal relations with Karl Marx in 1844, later affirmed that it was Marx's journalism at the Rheinische Zeitung which led him " from pure politics to economic relationships and so to socialism.

Because the 1844 manuscripts show Marx's thought at the time of its early genesis, their publication has profoundly affected recent scholarship on Marx and Marxism, particularly regarding the relation of Marxism to earlier work in German Idealism.

The term appears in Marx's article in the New-York Daily Tribune article " The Emancipation Question ," January 17 and 22, 1859, although there the term is used to describe humans who act like a capital to the producers, rather than in the modern sense of " knowledge capital " endowed to or acquired by humans.

Starting from a Marxist analysis of the ideas of Max Weber on China and India's " hydraulic-bureaucratic official-state " and building on Marx's sceptical view of the Asiatic Mode of Production, Wittfogel came up with an analysis of Oriental despotism which emphasized the role of irrigation works, the bureaucratic structures needed to maintain them and the impact that these had on society, coining the term " hydraulic empire " to describe the system.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.

Labor, not labor power, is the key factor of production for Marx and the basis for Marx's labor theory of value.

Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by thousands of Marxist thinkers.

* Marx's theory of history

Leszek Kołakowski described Marcuse's views as essentially anti-Marxist, in that they ignored Marx's critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of class struggle entirely in favor of an inverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded to create a " New World of Happiness ".

Significantly, Karl Marx's theory of alienation argues among other things that capitalism disrupts the rooted nature of traditional relationships between workers and their work.

Marxism can be regarded as a needs-based theory on some readings of Marx's slogan " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ".

This work contains Marx's criticism of materialism ( for being contemplative ), idealism ( for reducing practice to theory ) and overall, criticising philosophy for putting abstract reality above the physical world.

In addition to specific predictions, certain of Marx's theories, such as his labour theory of value, have also been criticised.

Polish historian Andrzej Walicki noted that Marx's and Engels's theory was the " theory of freedom ", but a theory that, at the height of its influence, was used to legitimise the totalitarian socialist state of the Soviet Union.

Outside and against this process of turning of Marxism into an ideology of domination, however, were various revolutionary tendencies which still drew on Marx's work to inform their struggles and which rejected both social-democratic and Marxist-Leninist versions of his theory.

This theory is often viewed as a reversal of Marx's thesis that the economic " base " of society determines all other aspects of it.

Although Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history.

His political theory is based upon an ethics of perfectionism ( as is Marx's, on some readings ).

Marx's analysis of the commodity is intended to help solve the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods, using the labor theory of value.

* Marx's theory of alienation, the separation of things that naturally belong together, or antagonism between things that are properly in harmony

The situationists were inspired by his theories on Reification ( Marxism ) | reification and Marx's theory of alienation | alienation.

In its ' essence, Marx's theory stated that economic and political systems went through an inevitable evolution in form, by which the current capitalist system would be replaced by a Socialist state before achieving international cooperation and peace in a " Workers ' Paradise ", creating a system directed by, what Marx called, " Pure Communism ".

* Marx's theory of alienation

Similar to Lenin's use of it, left communists, coming from the Communist International themselves started in fact with a theory of decadence in the first place, yet the communist left sees the theory of decadence at the heart of Marx's method as well, expressed in famous works such as The Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse, Das Kapital but most significantly in Preface to the Critique of Political Economy.

Its transcendence lay in the workers ' conscious creativity and participation, which is reminiscent of Marx's critique of alienation.

The critique of the spectacle is a development and application of Karl Marx's concept of fetishism of commodities, reification and alienation., and the way it was reprised by György Lukács in 1923.

* Marx's theory of alienation

( See: Entfremdung, Marx's theory of alienation )

( See: Entfremdung, Marx's theory of alienation )

* Marx's theory of alienation

( See: Marx's theory of alienation )

* Marx's theory of alienation

Some scholars, such as Philip Kain, have argued that Marx abandoned the idea of a human essence, but many other scholars point to Marx's continued discussion of these ideas despite the decline of terms such as essence and alienation in his later work.

* Marx's theory of alienation

This is opposed to Marx's roots of alienation which is economic.

They are best known for their early expression of Marx's argument that the conditions of modern industrial societies result in the estrangement ( or alienation ) of wage-workers from their own life.

* Marx's theory of alienation

Marx's theory of alienation considers the human and social implications of the abstraction and commercialization of labour.