Another relatively early use of the term in a German-language work was in a book by Fritz Sternberg, a Jewish Marxist political economist who was a refugee from the Third Reich.

Georgi Plekhanov, the father of Russian Marxism, later introduced the term dialectical materialism to Marxist literature.

Marxist interpretations of the term have, for example, been applied in relation to Cuba under Fidel Castro and Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh.

Note that Reynolds does not object to the Marxist use of the term feudalism.

* Ideological State Apparatus, a term used by Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser for how society reshapes the individual in its own image

* Mode of production, a Marxist term for way of producing goods

In China, the claim that Mao had " adapted Marxism – Leninism to Chinese conditions " evolved into the idea that he had updated it in a fundamental way applying to the world as a whole ; consequently, the term " Marxism – Leninism – Mao Zedong Thought " ( commonly known as Maoism ) was increasingly used to describe the official Chinese state ideology as well as the ideological basis of parties around the world who sympathized with the Communist Party of China ( such as the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist – Leninist / Mao Zedong Thought, founded by Jose Maria Sison in 1968 ).

The latter is analogous to the Marxist term " lumpenproletariat ".

Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories.

Even in their own time, with limited translations of their dense theoretical texts, combined with their very successful self-mythologisation, the term " situationist " was often used to refer to any rebel or outsider, rather than to a body of surrealist-inspired Marxist critical theory.

Besides describing the social class who own the means of production, the Marxist usage of the term " bourgeois " also describes the consumerist style of life derived from the ownership of capital and real property.

The use of the term " dictatorship " does not refer to the Classical Roman concept of the dictatura ( the governance of a state by a small group with no democratic process ), but instead to the Marxist concept of dictatorship ( that an entire societal class holds political and economic control, within a democratic system ).

In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians introduced the use of the term " English Revolution " to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period ( 1640 – 1660 ), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649.

The arguments of all three theorists relied on an implicit definition of kitsch as a type of false consciousness, a Marxist term meaning a mindset present within the structures of capitalism that is misguided as to its own desires and wants.

The term is derived from Marxist economic theory, where it refers to the linked processes of the accumulation and annihilation of wealth under capitalism.

Three years later, in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter introduced the term " creative destruction ", which he explicitly derived from Marxist thought ( analysed extensively in Part I of the book ) and used it to describe the disruptive process of transformation that accompanies such innovation:

" Villari went on to accuse Trevor-Roper of downgrading the importance of what Villari called the English Revolution ( the usual Marxist term for the English Civil War ), and insisted that the " general crisis " was part of an idealistic Europe-wide revolutionary movement.

The French term bourgeois ' origins are that of ' middle class ' however Marxist usage implies bankers or merchants.

According to the Marxist economist Ernest Mandel, who popularised the term with his 1972 PhD dissertation, late-stage capitalism will be dominated by the machinations – or perhaps better, fluidities – of financial capital ; and also by the increasing commodification and industrialisation of ever more inclusive sectors of human life.

Although the concept of neo-colonialism was originally developed within a Marxist theoretical framework and is generally employed by the political left, the term " neo-colonialism " is also used within other theoretical frameworks.

However the Marxist notion of base is broader than the non-Marxist use of the term infrastructure, and some soft infrastructure, such as laws, governance, regulations and standards, would be considered by Marxists to be part of the superstructure, not the base.

The term Europocentrism appears in the 1970s, through the Marxist writings of Samir Amin as part of a global, core-periphery or dependency model of capitalist development.

Current states are either in the capitalist or socialist phase of historymaking the term " socialist state " preferable to many communists and Marxist theorists.

The name comes from juche, the Korean translation for the philosophical and Marxist term “ subject ”, also meaning “ main body ” or “ mainstream ”, and is sometimes translated in North Korean sources as “ independent stand ” or “ spirit of self-reliance ”.

* Marxist revisionism, a pejorative term used by some Marxists to describe ideas based on a revision of fundamental Marxist premises

The term covers organized non-theistic religions, secular humanism, and a humanistic life stance.

Posthumanism or post-humanism ( meaning " after humanism " or " beyond humanism ") is a term with five definitions:

However, many adherents of the approach reject the use of the word " secular " as obfuscating and confusing, and consider that the term " secular humanism " has been " demonized by the religious right ... All too often secular humanism is reduced to a sterile outlook consisting of little more than secularism slightly broadened by academic ethics.

Historical use of the term humanism ( reflected in some current academic usage ), is related to the writings of pre-Socratic philosophers.

According to the Council for Secular Humanism, within the United States, the term " secular humanism " describes a world view with the following elements and principles:

Starting in the mid-20th century, religious fundamentalists and the religious right began using the term " secular humanism " in hostile fashion.

The Fellowship of Humanity case itself referred to Humanism but did not mention the term secular humanism.

However, that term also describes the philosophical position of humanism, which some " antihumanist " scholars in the humanities reject.

The term military humanism is used to refer to such actions.

Other observers of Ikeda's thinking use his term Buddhist humanism, describing it as " a spirituality that rests on the pillars of peace, culture, and education.

Integralism is a term also used to describe an " anti-pluralist " trend of Catholicism ; the Catholic Integralism born of mid-19th century Italy was a movement to assert a Catholic underpinning to all social and political action, and to minimize or eliminate any competing ideological actors, such as Marxism or secular humanism.

The historian of the Renaissance Sir John Hale cautions against too direct a linkage between Renaissance humanism and modern uses of the term: " Renaissance humanism must be kept free from any hint of either " humanitarianism " or " humanism " in its modern sense of rational, non-religious approach to life ... the word " humanism " will mislead ... if it is seen in opposition to a Christianity its students in the main wished to supplement, not contradict, through their patient excavation of the sources of ancient God-inspired wisdom "

Before Kurtz embraced the term " secular humanism ," which had received wide publicity through fundamentalist Christians in the 1980s, humanism was more widely perceived as a religion ( or a pseudoreligion ) that did not include the supernatural.

Kurtz coined the term eupraxsophy ( originally eupraxophy ) to refer to philosophies or lifestances such as secular humanism and Confucianism that do not rely on belief in the transcendent or supernatural.

The term was coined against accusations of nationalism by neoliberal proponents of globalization, meaning a support of both humanism and universal values but a rejection of the Washington consensus and similar neoliberal policies.

When he entered East Prussia with the Red Army throughout the East Prussian Offensive, he sharply criticized the atrocities against the German civilian population and was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to a ten-year term in the Gulag for fostering " bourgeois humanism " and for " compassion towards the enemy ".

For this he was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to a ten-year term in the Gulag for " bourgeois humanism " and for " pity for the enemy ".

Justice Black's use of the term " secular humanism " in his footnote has been seized upon by some religious groups, such as those supporting causes such as teaching creationism in schools, as a " finding " that any secular or science-based activity is, in fact, religion.

Variant of classical republicanism is known as civic humanism, a term first employed by the German scholar of late medieval and early modern Italian history, Hans Baron.