After the Revolution of 1917, views expressed by anthropologists in the USSR, and later the Soviet Bloc countries, were highly shaped by the requirement to conform to Marxist theories of social evolution.

Modern critical theory arose from the anti-positivist sociology of Max Weber and Georg Simmel, the Marxist theories of György Lukács and of Antonio Gramsci, towards that of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt.

Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

" Structuralist and poststructuralist psychoanalytic and Marxist theories " in Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: From Formalism to Poststructuralism ( Vol 8 ).

Trotsky's ideas formed the basis of Trotskyism, a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism.

Developed by, and named for, the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin ( Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 1870 – 1924 ), Leninism comprises political and socialist economic theories, developed from Marxism, and Lenin ’ s interpretations of Marxist theory, for practical application to the socio-political conditions of the agrarian Russian Empire ( 1721 – 1917 ) of the early 20th century.

To the extent that it makes sense, there is no single " Marxist theory of state ", but rather many different " Marxist " theories that have been developed by adherents of Marxism.

The two main theories of Globalization are Modernization development, which is a functionalist derivative, and Exploitation which is a Marxist derivative.

Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories.

It is through the theories of class struggle, politics and economics that Marxist literary criticism emerged.

Although Marx and Friedrich Engels detailed theories of Socialism in the mid-nineteenth century, it was not until the 1920s that Marxist Literary Theory was systematized.

Richard Wright, Claude McKay, Jean Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and James Joyce were deeply influenced by Marxist and socialist theories of the day, and much of this type of reflection is evident in their writings of the time.

Marxist dialectics is exemplified in Das Kapital ( Capital ), which outlines two central theories: ( i ) surplus value and ( ii ) the materialist conception of history ; Marx explains dialectical materialism:

" However, Trotskyism can be distinguished from other Marxist theories by five key elements.

Marxist and Neo-Marxist theories of IR reject the realist / liberal view of state conflict or cooperation ; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects.

Linked in with Marxist theories is dependency theory and the Core-Periphery Model, which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political & financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and multinational corporations on the informal level, in order to integrate them into the capitalist system, strategically appropriating under-valued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic & political dependence.

Marxist theories receive little attention in the United States where no significant Socialist party has flourished.

It has been generally asserted that Chen, Li and the other Chinese radicals of the time ( including future chairman Mao Zedong ) formed the CCP out of diligent study of Marxist theories, inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Some theories of exploitation ( Marxist, new liberal ) are structural, while others are organizational ( neoclassical ).

While other theories emphasize the exploitation of one individual by an organization ( or vice versa ), the Marxist theory is primarily concerned with the exploitation of an entire segment or class of society by another.

In some ways, these theories are similar to the Marxist one discussed above.

Later historians would attack Hobson, and the Marxist theories of imperialism he influenced.

Dependency theory derives from the Marxist analysis of economic inequalities within the world ’ s system of economies, thus, the under-development of the Global South is a direct result of the development in the Global North ; the theories of the semi-colony from the late 19th century.

Most Chinese history that is published in the People's Republic of China is based on a Marxist interpretation of history.

From the beginning of Communist rule in 1949, until the 1980s, when China was in the early years of economic reform, the focus was largely on peasant life, as interpreted via the officially sanctioned Marxist theory of class struggle.

At FU-Berlin, critical psychology was not really seen as a division of psychology and followed its own methodology, trying to reformulate traditional psychology on an unorthodox Marxist base and drawing from Soviet ideas of cultural – historical psychology, particularly Aleksey Leontyev.

The 20th century saw a remarkable expansion and evolution of critical theory, following on earlier Marxist Theory efforts to locate individuals within larger structural frameworks of ideology and action.

They received considerable support from Minister of Defense Gustav Noske, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, who used them to crush the German Revolution of 1918 – 1919 and the Marxist Spartacist League and arrest Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who were killed on 15 January 1919.

Among his collaborators on the magazine ’ s editorial board were the future director Ettore Scola, Marxist theorist and scriptwriter Cesare Zavattini, and Bernardino Zapponi, a future Fellini screenwriter.

In the 1960s the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco () theory of revolution in his book Guerrilla Warfare, based on his experiences during the 1959 Cuban Revolution.

More influentially, radical geography emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, drawing heavily on Marxist theory and techniques, and is associated with geographers such as David Harvey and Richard Peet.

Human beings collectively work on nature but do not do the same work ; there is a division of labor in which people not only do different jobs, but according to Marxist theory, some people live from the work of others by owning the means of production.

Just as Marx used to say, commenting on the French " Marxists " of the late 70s: " All I know is that I am not a Marxist.

The Soviet orthodox Marxist tradition, influential for half a century, based itself on Joseph Stalin's pamphlet Dialectical and Historical Materialism and on textbooks issued by the " Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ".

* Paul Blackledge, Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History ( 2006 )

Outside the Presidential Palace in Kabul, a day after the Saur Revolution | Marxist revolution on April 28, 1978.

The day after the Marxist revolution on April 28, 1978.

It focuses on the colonial era before 1947 and typically emphasizes caste and downplays class, to the annoyance of the Marxist school.

Yet from then on, the yardstick of his economic thinking remained Marxist, adjusted, where necessary, to Indian conditions.

The later Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm remarked that " One cannot say Marx died a failure " because, although he had not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the leftist movements in Germany and Russia.

Lastly, the undue focus on the Marxist thought in the former Eastern Bloc, often forbidding social science arguments from outside the Marxist perspective, led to a backlash against Marxism after the revolutions of 1989.

As with the anarchists, they too saw the Bolshevik take-over of the soviets ( like that of the trade unions ) as subverting the revolution and beginning the restoration of domination and exploitation ... Over the years this emphasis on working class autonomy has resulted in a reinterpretation of Marxist theory that has brought out the two-sided character of the class struggle and shifted the focus from capital ( the preoccupation of orthodox Marxism ) to the workers ... As a result, not only has there been a recognition that capitalism seeks to subordinate everyone's life ( from the traditional factory proletariat to peasants, housewives and students ) but that all those peoples ' struggles involve both the resistance to this subordination and the effort to construct alternative ways of being.

The Autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics.

The Marxist social class theory of proletarian internationalism asserts that members of the working class should act in solidarity with working people in other countries in pursuit of a common class interest, rather than focusing on their own countries.

The divergence between the modernized classical views, on the one hand, and the historical and Marxist schools, on the other hand, is wider, so much so, indeed, as to bar out a consideration of the postulates of the latter under the same head of inquiry with the former.