Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, oftern automatically, and laboratory-based analyses.

Measurements can be made in several ways: by techniques that simulate gambles about preferences for alternative states of health, with surveys or analyses that infer willingness to pay for alternative states of health, or through instruments that are based on trading off some or all likely survival time that a medical intervention might provide in order to gain less survival time of higher quality.

This body, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ), came into being at the Second ICR in Stockholm in 1928 under the chairmanship Manne Siegbahn and at their first meeting proposed that one unit X-Ray dose should be defined as the quantity of X-rays that would produce one esu of charge in one cubic centimetre of dry air at 0 ° C and a standard atmosphere.

Measurements at 3.15 cm were obtained on 11 days spread over the interval May 3 to June 19, 1956, using the 50-foot reflector at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington.

Measurements were performed simultaneously in two frequency bands of 13. 5 mm and 19 mm.

Measurements of the energy and arrival directions of the ultra-high energy primary cosmic rays by the techniques of " density sampling " and " fast timing " of extensive air showers were first carried out in 1954 by members of the Rossi Cosmic Ray Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Clark et al., Phys.

Measurements of motor currents and forces applied to the surface were not obtained due to the state of the spacecraft telemetry following landing on the lunar surface.

Measurements were continued in order to obtain information on solar protons and cosmic rays.

Measurements were to be taken before the shots to determine a baseline, as well as during and after the events.

Playfair's contributions to pure mathematics were not considerable, his papers " On the Arithmetic of Impossible Quantities " and " On the Causes which Affect the Accuracy of Barometrical Measurements ", and his Elements of Geometry, all already referred to, being the most important.

Measurements were interrupted at the end of the Second World War as a result of military bombardment, but began again in 1947.

Measurements were also taken regarding the individualism / collectivism constructs, and the " motives of not expressing opinion " based on a 1-10 and 1-5 scale respectively, in approval of given statements.

Measurements of Tats and Mountain Jews were also made by some other researchers.

Measurements were called oxygen consumed from permanganate, rather than the oxygen demand of organic substances.

Measurements of the pole direction were also obtained, however like Dotto et al.

Measurements were taken over a stretch of river between Bradley Brook and Broomhill.

Measurements of the calcium, aluminum, and chromium contents of enstatite in these xenoliths have been crucial in reconstructing the depths from which the xenoliths were plucked by the ascending magmas.

Measurements made between 1965 and 1974 were used to establish the temperature scale for stars hotter than the Sun and this scale is still in use.

Measurements of the peaks originally called by those names showed Kosciuszko to be slightly lower than its neighbour, and rather than re-educating the populace that the highest mountain was Mount Townsend, the names were transposed by the New South Wales Lands Department, so that Mount Kosciuszko was renamed Townsend and vice-versa.

Measurements of vector magnetic fields were initiated during the 1960s.

Measurements taken by this contact method were often unreliable as machines were moved by hand and each machine operator applied different amounts of pressure on the probe or adopted differing techniques for the measurement.

Measurements of the electrical conductivity are used to determine the quality of honey in terms of ash content.

Measurements of these lifetimes, as well as of the positronium energy levels, have been used in precision tests of quantum electrodynamics.

Measurements of gravitational acceleration and gravitational potential at the Earth's surface and above it can be used to look for mineral deposits ( see gravity anomaly and gravimetry ).

* Measurements: Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its quality

Measurements of these variations can be used, for example, to determine the orbital period and the radii of the members of an eclipsing binary star system, the rotation period of a minor planet or a star, or the total energy output of a supernova.

Measurements of court and equipment often vary among tournaments and organizations that operate from a recreational to a competitive level ; international competitive rules and regulation are used in this section.

Measurements of the foot are used in the manufacture and sale of footwear: measurement devices may be used either to determine a retail shoe size directly ( e. g. the Brannock Device ) or to determine the detailed dimensions of the foot for custom manufacture ( e. g. ALINEr ).

Measurements with electric probes, called Langmuir probes, are the oldest and most often used procedures for low-temperature plasmas.

Measurements of LDH, platelets and schistocytes are used to monitor disease progression or remission.

The Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility ( TEMPUS ) is used for the Experiments on Nucleation in Different Flow Regimes, Thermophysical Properties of Advanced Materials in the Undercooled Liquid State Experiment, Measurements of the Surface Tension of Liquid and Undercooled Metallic Alloys by Oscillating Drop Technique Experiment, Alloy Undercooling Experiments, the Study of the Morphological Stability of Growing Dendrites by Comparative Dendrite Velocity Measuremetns on Pure Ni and Dilute Ni-C Alloy in the Earth and Space Laboratory Experiment, the Undercooled Melts of Alloys with Polytetrahedral Short-Range Order Experiment, the Thermal Expansion of Glass Forming Metallic Alloys in the Undercooled State Experiment, the AC Calorimetry and Thermophysical Properties of Bulk Glass-Forming Metallic Liquids experiment and the Measurement of Surface Tension and Viscosity of Undercooled Liquid Metals experiment.

Measurements of the cosmic background radiation give the cooling time of the universe since the Big Bang, and measurements of the expansion rate of the universe can be used to calculate its approximate age by extrapolating backwards in time.

Measurements of FRET efficiency can be used to determine if two fluorophores are within a certain distance of each other.

Traffic Measurements are used in many fundamental activities such as:

Traffic Measurements are conducted on a continuous basis and the results compiled into reports for management which are used in management decisions on various time scales.

Measurements that are taken every few minutes are used for network management and temporary routing, measurements every few hours, days and weeks are used for maintenance purposes and measurements that are taken over months or even years are used for long-term network deployment, upgrading and extensions.

Measurements of the thermal Hall conducitivity are used to distinguish between the electronic and lattice contributions to thermal conductivity.

Measurements made above and below the canopy are used to determine canopy light interception at five angles, from which LAI is computed using a model of radiative transfer in vegetative canopies.

Measurements gathered by the Mather telescope can be used to complement data obtained by larger observatories, which often sacrifice wide views for fine detail.

Measurements from pairs of transducers can be combined to yield a measurement of velocity in 1 -, 2 -, or 3-dimensional flow.

* Measurements Recast Usual View of Elusive Force from NIST

Measurements of area and volume are derived from distances.

Measurements of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 ppm in 1960 to about 389 ppm in 2010.

Measurements of natural neutrino emission have demonstrated that around half of the heat emanating from the Earth's core results from radioactive decay.

Measurements of Mercury's exosphere, which is practically a vacuum, revealed more ions derived from water than scientists had expected .< ref > from the WayBackMachine archive of < nowiki > http :// www. planetary. org / news </ nowiki > for 13 October 2008 ; the MESSENGER selection under PLANETARY NEWS </ ref > All of these observations are consistent with water ice and / or other volatiles being available to hypothetical far future colonists of Mercury.

Measurements of ionization rates at increasing heights above the ground during the decade from 1900 to 1910 showed a decrease that could be explained as due to absorption of the ionizing radiation by the intervening air.

Measurements from the German State of Brandenburg in 2006 show average speeds of on 4-lane sections, and on 6-lane sections, without mandatory speed limits.

Measurements of the Doppler shift of the star's spectrum demonstrated the companion's presence and allowed its mass to be estimated from the orbital parameters.

Measurements taken from his uniform show that at his death he had a waist size of 47 inches ( 119 cm ) and the inside brim of his hat measured 24 inches ( 61 cm ) in circumference.

Overall length can range from Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity.

Measurements of Fomalhaut's rotation indicate that the disk is located in the star's equatorial plane, as expected from theories of star and planet formation.

Expected Cross Section from Measurements of Fission Fragment Electron Spectrum ", Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) ( through predecessor agency Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory ), United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ), ( June 1958 ).

His writings include a number of essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review from 1804 onwards, various papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( including his earliest publication, " On the Arithmetic of Impossible Quantities ", 1779, and an " Account of the Lithological Survey of Schehallion ", 1811 ) and in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (" On the Causes which Affect the Accuracy of Barometrical Measurements " and others ), the articles " Aepinus " and " Physical Astronomy ", and a " Dissertation on the Progress of Mathematical and Physical Science since the Revival of Learning in Europe " in the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Supplement to fourth, fifth and sixth editions ).

* Measurements and Decoherence from arXiv

Measurements from the Spectral Irradiance Monitor on NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment show that solar UV output is more variable over the course of the solar cycle than scientists had previously thought, resulting in, for example, colder winters in the US and southern Europe and warmer winters in Canada and northern Europe during solar minima.

Measurements in the late 1960s showed that the orbital velocity of stars in spiral galaxies with respect to their distance from the galactic center is indeed higher than expected from Newtonian dynamics but still cannot explain the stability of the spiral structure.

* Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, USGS