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Medieval and Muslim

Medieval Muslim scholars regularly described Aristotle as the " First Teacher ".

Medieval Muslim engineers employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams as a source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines.

Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically " fanciful roots " in order claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.

Abulcasis, Averroes, Avenzoar, and Maimonides, active in the Medieval Muslim world, described a number of medical problems related to the brain.

A hundred years later, King Alfonso VI of Castile, considered among the greatest of the Medieval Spanish kings, designated as his heir his son ( also a Sancho ) by the refugee Muslim princess Zaida of Seville.

Medieval Spain and Portugal were the scene of almost constant Muslim invasion of the predominantly Christian area.

‘ Muslim Education in the Medieval Times ’, The Middle East Institute, Washington D. C.

" In Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, ed.

Depictions of Islamic " Moors " and " Turks " ( imprecisely named Muslim groups of North Africa and West Asia ) can be found in Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque art.

Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to the Berbers, Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty.

Probably he and his own men did not realize the seriousness of the battle they had fought, as Matthew Bennett and his co-authors, in Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World ( 2005 ) says: " few battles are remembered 1, 000 years after they are fought [...] but the Battle of Tours is an exception [...] Charles Martel turned back a Muslim raid that had it been allowed to continue, might have conquered Gaul.

By the 12th century, " Saracen " had become synonymous with " Muslim " in Medieval Latin literature.

According to one theory, increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, as Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades which began in 1096 and the Islamic presence in Spain brought the knowledge of pointed arches to Medieval Europe.

They were also carried into the Muslim world, from which they were reintroduced into the West to form the foundation of Medieval philosophy and the Renaissance, as discussed below.

Medieval Muslim ( as well as Jewish ) philosophers identified belief in the Trinity with the heresy of shirk, in Arabic, ( or shituf in Hebrew ), meaning " associationism ," in limiting the infinity of God by associating his divinity with physical existence.

The Medieval Muslim scholar, al-Ghazali pointing out that the only legitimate " preference principle " in the sight of God is piety, writes: " every time a rich man believes that he is better than a poor one, or a white man believes that he is better than a black one, then he is being arrogant.

Medieval Muslim customs put a high priority on cleanliness, but favored running water to immersion baths, so the cold water pool was dispensed with.

Medieval Muslim physicians documented detailed and extensive lists of birth control practices, including the use of abortifacients, commenting on their effectiveness and prevalence.

* Muslim Slave System in Medieval India: Ghilmans and Eunuchs

Medieval Islamic scholar ibn Taymiyyah was probably the first to use the term to describe backsliders in contemporary Muslim society.

The crater is named after the Muslim Medieval scientist, Ibn al-Haytham.

Medieval and geographers

Medieval Islamic geographers gave descriptions of Arran in general, and of its towns, which included Barda, Beylagan, and Ganja, along with others.