Medieval Muslim scholars regularly described Aristotle as the " First Teacher ".

Medieval scholars may be considered forerunners of modern anthropology as well, insofar as they conducted or wrote detailed studies of the customs of peoples considered " different " from themselves in terms of geography.

Modern studies have shown the important role such concepts played in the world-view of Early Medieval scholars.

Although references are made referring to Slavs in Macedonia being identified as Bulgarians, some scholars suggest that ethnicity in Medieval times was more fluid than what we see it to be today, an understanding derived from nineteenth century nationalistic ideals of a homogeneous nation-state.

Most modern scholars dismiss Pope Joan as a Medieval legend.

Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account ; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form.

Medieval Irish scholars thought the name contained the element muire " sea ", owing to their reputation as sea pirates.

For these scholars, antisemitism in Medieval Islam was local and sporadic rather than general and endemic.

Philo's works became important to Medieval Christian scholars who leveraged the work of Karaites to lend credence to their claims that " these are the beliefs of Jews "-a technically correct, yet mendacious, attribution.

Some scholars believe it might have an early Medieval origin, while others emphasize earlier traditions appearing in the book.

Medieval Chinese scholars devoted a great deal of effort to describing the sounds of their language, especially to aid in reading the classics aloud and in the correct composition of poetry.

Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is generally accepted that it is descended from the Medieval citole, or cytole.

Apart from some of the clergy who had studied at the universities and cathedral schools in Paris or in Cologne, there were few scholars in the land ; even amongst the higher clergy there were many who were ignorant of the scientific study of Latin, and the ordinary burgher of the Dutch cities was quite content if, when his children left school, they were able to read and write the Medieval Low German and Diets.

The International Congress on Medieval Studies is an annual academic conference held for scholars specializing in, or with an interest in, medieval studies.

The two languages of culture in Medieval Iberia were Latin in the north ( although it was also used in the south by Mozarab scholars ) and Arabic in the south ( which was the principal literary language of Mozarab scholars ).

Also shown on some maps are exotic plants, beasts and races known to Medieval scholars only through Roman and Greek texts.

While these lais are occasionally interspersed with the Marian lais in Medieval manuscripts, scholars do not agree that these lais were actually written by Marie.

Thus, from a Western European perspective, Classic, Medieval, and Enlightenment-era scholars formed the foundation of the discipline that has come to be called public administration.

Medieval scholars have suggested that people may have been under the impression that the rat king was actually one animal with many bodies, with the “ king ” referring to the animal's size.

Medieval scholars and theologians, translating both the Bible and Greek philosophers into Latin out of the Koine and Classical Greek, cobbled together many new abstract concept words in Latin.

For this reason, scholars find the singularity of the period called the English Renaissance questionable ; C. S. Lewis, a professor of Medieval and Renaissance literature at Oxford and Cambridge, famously remarked to a colleague that he had " discovered " that there was no English Renaissance, and that if there had been one, it had " no effect whatsoever ".

The etymology of the Welsh name Arthur is uncertain, though most scholars favour either a derivation from the Roman gens name Artorius ( ultimately of Messapic or Etruscan origin ), or a native Brittonic compound based on the root * arto-" bear " ( which became arth in Medieval and Modern Welsh ).

Foucault then develops a holistic account of power and uses methods not too dissimilar to the astonishing and outstanding Medieval Islamic polymaths scholars Alhazen, Ibn Sīnā, and Ibn Khaldūn and to a lesser extant prominent science figures from 20th century science such as ; Gregory Bateson, James Lovelock ( the founder of Gaia hypothesis ) and Robert N. Proctor ( Proctor who coined the term Agnotology ) and urges us to think outside the box of this new kind of power, therefore, opening up the possibilities of further investigations into this new perceived, impenetrable nature of biopower and according to Foucault he asks us to remember, this type of power is never neutral nor is it independent from the rest of society but are embedded within society functioning as embellished ' control technology ' specifics. Foucault argues ; nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure there workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny.

This was used after Sam Raimi was unable to use his original title " The Medieval Dead.

" (" The Medieval Dead " would later be used as the film's subtitle for its UK release as Army of Darkness: The Medieval Dead ).

A Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany.

The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed by the Arabic alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and others.

Mappa mundi is the general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the world.

Damascus steel was a term used by several Western cultures from the Medieval period onward to describe a type of steel created in India and used in swordmaking from about 300 BC to 1700 AD.

Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope.

Medieval Muslim engineers employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams as a source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines.

Possibly a borrowing ( probably via Frankish or Old High German ) of the Medieval Latin word foresta " open wood ", foresta was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the king's royal hunting grounds.

Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically " fanciful roots " in order claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.

Hushing was also widely used in Britain in the Medieval and later periods to extract lead and tin ores.

Medieval French had two words, chevaleresse and chevalière, which were used in two ways: one was for the wife of a knight, and this usage goes back to the 14th c. The other was possibly for a female knight.

The word originates from the Latin loco – " from a place ", ablative of locus, " place " + Medieval Latin motivus, " causing motion ", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th century to distinguish between mobile and stationary steam engines.

The lute is used in a great variety of instrumental music from the Medieval to the late Baroque eras and was probably the most important instrument for secular music in the Renaissance.

The word manuscript derives from the Medieval Latin manuscriptum, a word first recorded in 1594 as a Latinisation of earlier Germanic words used in the Middle Ages: compare Middle High German hantschrift ( c. 1450 ), Old Norse handrit ( bef.

The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named " Mikilenburg " ( Old Saxon: " big castle ", thus the Grecised name variant Megalopolis used in Medieval Latin sources ), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar.

In the Medieval period besieging armies used a wide variety of siege engines including: scaling ladders ; battering rams ; siege towers and various types of catapults such as the mangonel, onager, ballista, and trebuchet.

Just as modern military engineers enhance field fortifications with obstacles such as barbed wire, Medieval engineers used a number of obstacle types including abatis, caltrops, cheval de frise, and trou de loup.

" The Medieval Latin for " motet " is motectum, and the Italian mottetto was also used.

* Damascus Steel, a steel used in swordmaking during the Medieval Period.

Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone, or occasionally in parts.

Medieval Islamic astronomers gave Arabic names to many stars that are still used today, and they invented numerous astronomical instruments that could compute the positions of the stars.