Bukharin's testimony became the subject of much debate among Western observers, inspiring Koestler's acclaimed novel Darkness at Noon and a philosophical essay by Maurice Merleau-Ponty in Humanism and Terror, among others.

Kramer's theory of Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation ( DAD ) utilizes concepts from several scholars, most notably Jean Gebser and Lewis Mumford, to synthesize an explanation of widely observed cultural expressions and differences along a Neo-Kantian manifold of spatial and temporal variance similar to the work of Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, J. T. Faser, Sigfried Giedion, James Gibson, Maurice Grosser, Edmund Carpenter, Edward T. Hall, Walter Ong, James Carey, Robert Levine, and others but with many updates and additions.

Likewise in, Ethnomethodology's Program ( 2002 ), we again find a multiplicity of theoretical references, including the usual suspects from Studies, and introducing among others Merleau-Ponty, etc., a key theoretical statement by Emile Durkheim regarding the objectivity of social facts, and a key insight into ethomethodology's way of doing theory.

Kramer's theory of Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation ( DAD ) utilizes concepts from several scholars, most notably Jean Gebser and Lewis Mumford, to synthesize an explanation of widely observed cultural expressions and differences along a Neo-Kantian manifold of spatial and temporal variance similar to the work of Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, J. T. Faser, Sigfried Giedion, James Gibson, Maurice Grosser, Edmund Carpenter, Edward T. Hall, Walter Ong, James Carey, Robert Levine, and others but with many updates and additions.

The French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty has called a mirror ‘ the instrument of a universal magic that changes things into spectacles, spectacles into things, me into others, and others into me .’ We, the viewers, stand opposite the barmaid on the other side of the counter and, looking at the reflection in the mirror, see exactly what she sees ... A critic has noted that Manet ’ s ‘ preliminary study shows her placed off to the right, whereas in the finished canvas she is very much the centre of attention .’ Though Manet shifted her from the right to the center, he kept her reflection on the right.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

However, in studying the posthumous manuscripts of Husserl, who remained one of his major influences, Merleau-Ponty remarked that, in their evolution, Husserl's work brings to light phenomena which are not assimilable to noetic-noematic correlation.

Merleau-Ponty objects to the ego's transcendence of the world, which for Husserl leaves the world spread out and completely transparent before the conscious.

* Dermot Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology ( Oxford: Routledge, 2000 )-Charting phenomenology from Brentano, through Husserl and Heidegger, to Gadamer, Arendt, Levinas, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Derrida.

* Christopher Macann, Four Phenomenological Philosophers: Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty ( New York: Routledge: 1993 )

He introduced into neuroscience the concepts of neurophenomenology, based on the phenomenological writings of Edmund Husserl and of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and on " first person science ," in which observers examine their own conscious experience using scientifically verifiable methods.

In modern western philosophical discourse, Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty have approached what western scholarship generally concedes to be a standard Yogācāra position.

* European phenomenology of Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Brown ( 2006: p. 19 ) charts the lineage of philosophers, namely Nietzsche ( 1844 – 1900 ), Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ), Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ), Sartre ( 1905 – 1980 ), Merleau-Ponty ( 1908 – 1961 ), and Levinas ( 1906 — 1995 ) who challenged the entrenched Cartesian dualism of a hard split between " body " and " mind " and hence, embraced different views of nondual ' bodymind ' or body-mind continuum thus:

" Like the writings of Nietzsche, the writings of phenomenologists Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Emmanual Levinas have been recognized by many as providing alternatives to a Cartesian-dualist and Enlightenment-subjectivity worldview.

He is considered a leading interpreter of the work of Edmund Husserl, Michel Foucault, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, but especially of Martin Heidegger.

Thus, Merleau-Ponty does not postulate that " all consciousness is consciousness of something ", which supposes at the outset a noetic-noematic ground.

Taking the study of perception as his point of departure, Merleau-Ponty was led to recognize that one's own body ( le corps propre ) is not only a thing, a potential object of study for science, but is also a permanent condition of experience, a constituent of the perceptual openness to the world.

He called his own work " perceptual realism ," a kind of surrealism based on his own dreams and memories and the existentialist philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Sartre conceded that he had " learned History " from Merleau-Ponty, and that the Critique of Dialectical Reason was the testimony to this.

She also had an affair with the French phenomenological philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, whom she described as her true love ; she hoped he would leave his wife for her.

This emphasis can be traced through Edmund Husserl's phenomenology, the late works of Merleau-Ponty ( Nature: Course Notes from the Collège de France, 1956 – 1960 ), and Martin Heidegger's hermeneutics.

Husserl's conception of phenomenology has been criticised and developed not only by himself, but also by his student and assistant Martin Heidegger, by existentialists, such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Dietrich von Hildebrand.

Husserl's conception of phenomenology has been criticized and developed not only by himself but also by his students Edith Stein and Martin Heidegger, by existentialists, such as Max Scheler, Nicolai Hartmann, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and sociologists Alfred Schütz and Eric Voegelin.

** existential phenomenology ( Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger )

After being conscripted into the army during the Algerian war of independence, Virilio studied phenomenology with Maurice Merleau-Ponty at the Sorbonne.

A more detailed discussion of how interactivity has been conceptualized in the human-computer interaction literature, and how the phenomenology of the French philosopher Merleau-Ponty can shed light on the user experience, see ( Svanaes 2000 ).

A particular emphasis on the phenomenology of embodiment was developed by philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty in the mid-20th century.

Merleau-Ponty emphasized the body as the primary site of knowing the world, a corrective to the long philosophical tradition of placing consciousness as the source of knowledge, and his insight that the body and that which it perceived could not be disentangled from each other.

However the apparently irresolvable mind-body problem is said to be overcome, and bypassed, by the Embodied cognition approach, with its roots in the work of Heidegger, Piaget, Vygotsky, Merleau-Ponty and the pragmatist John Dewey.

All of these writers can be traced back to earlier philosophical writings, most notably in the phenomenological tradition, such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger.

There is much to be learned from existential authors such as Karl Jaspers ( 1951, 1963 ), Paul Tillich, Martin Buber, and Hans-Georg Gadamer within the Germanic tradition and Albert Camus, Gabriel Marcel, Paul Ricoeur, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Emmanuel Lévinas within the French tradition ( see for instance Spiegelberg, 1972, Kearney, 1986 or van Deurzen-Smith, 1997 ).

For as Merleau-Ponty indicated ( 1953 ), it is not the secret which is important, but the removal of secrecy.

* Merleau-Ponty, Maurice ( 1969 ), The Visible and the Invisible, Northwestern University Press.

Merleau-Ponty was the first student to study at the Husserl-archives in Leuven.

After coming back to Paris in May 1941, he participated in the founding of the underground group Socialisme et Liberté with other writers de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint Desanti and his wife Dominique Desanti, Jean Kanapa, and École Normale students.

Like the other major phenomenologists, Merleau-Ponty expressed his philosophical insights in writings on art, literature, linguistics, and politics.

Merleau-Ponty was born in 1908 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime, France.

His father died in 1913 when Merleau-Ponty was five years old.

After secondary schooling at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, Maurice Merleau-Ponty became a student at the École Normale Supérieure, where he studied alongside Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Simone Weil.

After teaching at the University of Lyon from 1945 to 1948, Merleau-Ponty lectured on child psychology and education at the Sorbonne from 1949 to 1952.

Besides his teaching, Merleau-Ponty was also political editor for Les Temps modernes from the founding of the journal in October 1945 until December 1952.

Merleau-Ponty was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

In his Phenomenology of Perception ( first published in French in 1945 ), Merleau-Ponty developed the concept of the body-subject as an alternative to the Cartesian " cogito.

" This distinction is especially important in that Merleau-Ponty perceives the essences of the world existentially.

From the time of writing Structure of Behavior and Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty wanted to show, in opposition to the idea that drove the tradition beginning with John Locke, that perception was not the causal product of atomic sensations.

Merleau-Ponty demonstrates a corporeity of consciousness as much as an intentionality of the body, and so stands in contrast with the dualist ontology of mind and body in René Descartes, a philosopher to whom Merleau-Ponty continually returned, despite the important differences that separate them.

In the Phenomenology of Perception Merleau-Ponty wrote: “ Insofar as I have hands, feet ; a body, I sustain around me intentions which are not dependent on my decisions and which affect my surroundings in a way that I do not choose ” ( 1962, p. 440 ).

It is important to clarify, and indeed emphasize, that the attention Merleau-Ponty pays to diverse forms of art ( visual, plastic, literary, poetic, etc.