Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

Merleau-Ponty was born in 1908 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime, France.

His father died in 1913 when Merleau-Ponty was five years old.

Merleau-Ponty first taught at Chartres, then became a tutor at the École Normale Supérieure, where he was awarded his doctorate on the basis of two important books: La structure du comportement ( 1942 ) and Phénoménologie de la Perception ( 1945 ).

Besides his teaching, Merleau-Ponty was also political editor for Les Temps modernes from the founding of the journal in October 1945 until December 1952.

Merleau-Ponty was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

From the time of writing Structure of Behavior and Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty wanted to show, in opposition to the idea that drove the tradition beginning with John Locke, that perception was not the causal product of atomic sensations.

Taking the study of perception as his point of departure, Merleau-Ponty was led to recognize that one's own body ( le corps propre ) is not only a thing, a potential object of study for science, but is also a permanent condition of experience, a constituent of the perceptual openness to the world.

Psychologism was also criticized by Charles Sanders Peirce and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Husserl's view was based on aspects of the work of Franz Brentano and was developed further by philosophers such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max Scheler, Edith Stein, Dietrich von Hildebrand and Emmanuel Levinas.

Critique of Dialectical Reason was written in the wake of the rejection of Communism by leftist French intellectuals who also wanted to revive Marxism, a process that destroyed Sartre's friendship with Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Sartre conceded that he had " learned History " from Merleau-Ponty, and that the Critique of Dialectical Reason was the testimony to this.

She was deeply influenced by the French phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty, who wrote extensively on perception, vision, embodiment, and painting.

Scheler's concept of the " lived body " was appropriated in the early work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

While György Lukács's History and Class Consciousness and Karl Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy, first published in 1923, are often seen as the works which inaugurated this current, the phrase itself was coined much later by Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

A particular emphasis on the phenomenology of embodiment was developed by philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty in the mid-20th century.

After the baccalauréat ( 1924 ), he came to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris to prepare the École Normale Supérieure ; he was successful in 1926 and studied there, where Jean-Paul Sartre, Raymond Aron, Paul Nizan and Maurice Merleau-Ponty were among his fellow students.

In France the ideas of Sartre ( 1956, 1962 ) and Merleau-Ponty ( 1962 ) and of a number of practitioners ( Minkowski, 1970 ) were important and influential but no specific therapeutic method was developed from them.

While György Lukács's History and Class Consciousness and Karl Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy, first published in 1923, are often seen as the works which inaugurated this current, the phrase itself was coined much later by Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Western Marxists have varied in terms of political commitment: Lukács, Gramsci and Althusser were all members of Soviet-aligned parties ; Karl Korsch was heavily critical of Soviet Marxism, advocating council communism and later becoming increasingly interested in anarchism ; the theorists of The Frankfurt School tended towards political quietism, although Herbert Marcuse became known as the ' father of the New Left '; Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Lefebvre were, at different periods, supporters of the Communist Party of France, but all would later become disillusioned with it ; Ernst Bloch lived in and supported the Soviet Union, but lost faith in it towards the end of his life.

Psychologism was criticized in logic also by Charles Sanders Peirce whose fields included logic, philosophy, and experimental psychology, and generally in philosophy by Maurice Merleau-Ponty who held the chairs of philosophy and child psychology at Sorbonne in France.

His doctoral dissertation, written under scholar Alphonse de Waelhens, was a discussion of the French phenomenologists Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Jean-Paul Sartre.

In his Phenomenology of Perception ( first published in French in 1945 ), Merleau-Ponty developed the concept of the body-subject as an alternative to the Cartesian " cogito.

He introduced into neuroscience the concepts of neurophenomenology, based on the phenomenological writings of Edmund Husserl and of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and on " first person science ," in which observers examine their own conscious experience using scientifically verifiable methods.

After secondary schooling at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, Maurice Merleau-Ponty became a student at the École Normale Supérieure, where he studied alongside Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Simone Weil.

Husserl's conception of phenomenology has been criticised and developed not only by himself, but also by his student and assistant Martin Heidegger, by existentialists, such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Dietrich von Hildebrand.

Her usual practice is to make this experience intelligible by using categories translated from the work of a thinker outside the study of art, such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan, Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, Georges Bataille, or Roland Barthes.

The French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty has called a mirror ‘ the instrument of a universal magic that changes things into spectacles, spectacles into things, me into others, and others into me .’ We, the viewers, stand opposite the barmaid on the other side of the counter and, looking at the reflection in the mirror, see exactly what she sees ... A critic has noted that Manet ’ s ‘ preliminary study shows her placed off to the right, whereas in the finished canvas she is very much the centre of attention .’ Though Manet shifted her from the right to the center, he kept her reflection on the right.

After teaching at the University of Lyon from 1945 to 1948, Merleau-Ponty lectured on child psychology and education at the Sorbonne from 1949 to 1952.

Thus, Merleau-Ponty does not postulate that " all consciousness is consciousness of something ", which supposes at the outset a noetic-noematic ground.

Bukharin's confession and his motivation became subject of much debate among Western observers, inspiring Koestler's acclaimed novel Darkness at Noon and a philosophical essay by Maurice Merleau-Ponty in Humanism and Terror.

Bukharin's testimony became the subject of much debate among Western observers, inspiring Koestler's acclaimed novel Darkness at Noon and a philosophical essay by Maurice Merleau-Ponty in Humanism and Terror, among others.

Bukharin's confession in particular became subject of much debate among Western observers, inspiring Koestler's acclaimed novel Darkness at Noon and philosophical essay by Maurice Merleau-Ponty in Humanism and Terror.

Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics ( 2004 ) excerpt and online search at amazon. com

After being conscripted into the army during the Algerian war of independence, Virilio studied phenomenology with Maurice Merleau-Ponty at the Sorbonne.

Returning to the United States, Lingis joined the faculty at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, quickly gaining a reputation as the preeminent English translator of Merleau-Ponty and Emmanuel Levinas.

For as Merleau-Ponty indicated ( 1953 ), it is not the secret which is important, but the removal of secrecy.

* Merleau-Ponty, Maurice ( 1969 ), The Visible and the Invisible, Northwestern University Press.

Merleau-Ponty and others question whether Husserl here does not undercut his own position, in that Husserl had attacked in principle historicism, while specifically designing his phenomenology to be rigorous enough to transcend the limits of history.

After coming back to Paris in May 1941, he participated in the founding of the underground group Socialisme et Liberté with other writers de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint Desanti and his wife Dominique Desanti, Jean Kanapa, and École Normale students.

Like the other major phenomenologists, Merleau-Ponty expressed his philosophical insights in writings on art, literature, linguistics, and politics.

Merleau-Ponty emphasized the body as the primary site of knowing the world, a corrective to the long philosophical tradition of placing consciousness as the source of knowledge, and his insight that the body and that which it perceived could not be disentangled from each other.

" This distinction is especially important in that Merleau-Ponty perceives the essences of the world existentially.

However, in studying the posthumous manuscripts of Husserl, who remained one of his major influences, Merleau-Ponty remarked that, in their evolution, Husserl's work brings to light phenomena which are not assimilable to noetic-noematic correlation.

Merleau-Ponty demonstrates a corporeity of consciousness as much as an intentionality of the body, and so stands in contrast with the dualist ontology of mind and body in René Descartes, a philosopher to whom Merleau-Ponty continually returned, despite the important differences that separate them.

In the Phenomenology of Perception Merleau-Ponty wrote: “ Insofar as I have hands, feet ; a body, I sustain around me intentions which are not dependent on my decisions and which affect my surroundings in a way that I do not choose ” ( 1962, p. 440 ).

It is important to clarify, and indeed emphasize, that the attention Merleau-Ponty pays to diverse forms of art ( visual, plastic, literary, poetic, etc.