Modern English, which almost entirely lacks declension in its nouns, does not have an explicitly marked accusative case even in the pronouns.

It is written in English, very similar to the Early Modern English linguistic style of the King James Version of the Bible, and has since been fully or partially translated into 108 languages.

Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

Another result of the English influence on Chinese is the appearance in Modern Chinese texts of so-called 字母词 zìmǔcí ( lit.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

According to Partridge ( 1972: 12 ), it dates from around 1840 and arose in the East End of London, however John Camden Hotten in his 1859 Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant and Vulgar Words states that ( English ) rhyming slang originated " about twelve or fifteen years ago " ( i. e. in the 1840s ) with ' chaunters ' and ' patterers ' in the Seven Dials area of London.

The language of Don Quixote, although still containing archaisms, is far more understandable to modern Spanish readers than is, for instance, the completely medieval Spanish of the Poema de mio Cid, a kind of Spanish that is as different from Cervantes's language as Middle English is from Modern English.

This conflation of case in Middle and Modern English has led most modern grammarians to discard the " accusative " and " dative " labels as obsolete, often using the term " objective " for oblique.

In Modern English, an indirect object is often expressed with a prepositional phrase of " to " or " for ".

Old English was a highly inflected language, as befits its Indo-European and especially its Germanic linguistic ancestry, but its declensions greatly simplified as it evolved into Modern English.

In Modern English, nouns have distinct singular and plural forms ; that is, they decline to reflect their grammatical number.

Gender is at best only weakly grammaticalized in Modern English.

Adjectives are not declined for case in Modern English, though they were in Old English.

The article is never regarded as declined in Modern English, although technically the words this and that, and their plural forms these and those, are modern forms of the as it was declined in Old English.

* English in the British Isles until its consolidation as a national language in the Renaissance and the rise of Modern English ; subsequently internationally under the various states in or formerly in the British Empire ; globally since the victories of the predominantly English speaking countries ( United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and others ) and their allies in the two world wars ending in 1918 ( World War I ) and 1945 ( WW II ) and the subsequent rise of the United States as a superpower and major cultural influence.

* The Modern Burgundian language, an Oïl language also known as Bourguignon spoken in the region of Burgundy.

The language became recognizable as Modern Khmer, spoken from the 19th century till today.

Medieval Greek is a cover phrase for a whole continuum of different speech and writing styles, ranging from vernacular continuations of spoken Koine that were already approaching Modern Greek in many respects, to highly learned forms imitating classical Attic.

Scots, as spoken in the lowlands and along the east coast of Scotland, developed independently from Modern English and is based on the Northern dialects of Anglo-Saxon, particularly Northumbrian, which also serve as the basis of Northern English dialects such as those of Yorkshire and Newcastle upon Tyne.

In Modern Greek the name of the letter, Λάμδα, is pronounced ; the spoken letter itself has the sound of as with Latinate " L ".

With the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language by Jews in Israel, and its growth and officialization following the establishment of the state, most Samaritans in Israel today speak Modern Hebrew.

Modern Ossetic has two major dialects: Digor, spoken in the western part of North Ossetia ; and Iron, spoken in the rest of Ossetia.

Chancery Standard was not the only influence on later forms of English — its level of influence is disputed and a variety of spoken dialects continued to exist — but it provided a core around which Early Modern English could crystallise.

Historically, the substantive and editorial differences among the first-edition and the third-edition versions is that the former, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage ( 1926 ), is a prescriptive style guide to clear and expressive writing, whilst the latter versions, The New Fowler ’ s Modern English Usage ( 1996 ) and Fowler ’ s Modern English Usage ( 2004 ), are descriptive usage guides to spoken and written English.

Modern spoken Lingala is increasingly influenced by French ; French verbs, for example, may be " lingalized " adding Lingala inflection prefixes and suffixes: " acomprenaki te " or " acomprendraki te " ( he did not understand, using the French word comprendre ) instead of classic Lingala " asímbaki ntína te " s / he grasped / held the root / cause not.

The Yeshivish dialect of Hebrew consists of occasional Ashkenazic pronunciation and various Yiddishisms within Modern Hebrew spoken among Haredi communities in Israel.

Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union.

Modern Mongolian evolved from " Middle Mongol ", the language spoken in the Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries.

This is commonly called Standard Written Chinese or Modern Written Chinese to avoid ambiguity with spoken vernaculars, with the written vernaculars of earlier eras, and with modern unofficial written vernaculars such as written Cantonese or written Hokkien.

Although Luoyang dialect served as a prestigious form of spoken Chinese until the Ming Dynasty, it differs greatly from Beijing-based Modern Standard Chinese.

It has nevertheless had significant effects on the Greek language as it is still written and spoken today, and both vocabulary and grammatical and syntactical forms have re-entered Modern Greek via Katharevousa.

Modern English ( sometimes New English as opposed to Middle English and Old English ) is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, completed in roughly 1550.

Modern English has a large number of dialects spoken in diverse countries throughout the world.

The pronunciations of spoken Chinese changed quite a bit over the course of time from the oldest surviving written Chinese poetry, during the period of Old Chinese, through the Middle Chinese period ( which included the Tang Dynasty ), and up into the Modern Chinese period.

Modern Galician is spoken by around 3. 2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers.

The article focuses both on the grammar of Literary Arabic ( i. e. Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, which have largely the same grammar ) and of the colloquial spoken varieties of Arabic.

In writings from Ireland, the name Cruthin, Cruthini, Cruthni, Cruithni or Cruithini ( Modern Irish: Cruithne ) was used to refer to the Picts and to a group of people who lived alongside the Ulaid in eastern Ulster.

The Modern Irish word Samhain is derived from the Old Irish samain, samuin, or samfuin, all referring to 1 November ( latha na samna: ' samhain day '), and the festival and royal assembly held on that date in medieval Ireland ( oenaig na samna: ' samhain assembly ').

Modern local government in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and a large part of England is based on the concept of smaller unitary authorities ( a system similar to that which the Redcliffe – Maud Report proposed for most of Britain in the 1960s ).

In medieval and Early Modern Europe, there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, and Gaelic Ireland.

Historian R. F. Foster, in his Modern Ireland calls him an ' epitome of Elizabethan adventurer-colonist in Ireland ’,

* Modern mapping of the area Ordnance Survey Ireland Select " Historic mapping " to see site of the " Boyne Obelisk " ( destroyed, 1923 ) on the northern side of the bridge.

Glendalough features on the 1598 map " A Modern Depiction of Ireland, One of the British Isles " by Abraham Ortelius as " Glandalag ".

The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782 – 1992.

Douglas Hyde: A Maker of Modern Ireland.

* Modern Northern Ireland Assembly-a home rule assembly established in 1998.

Ward, The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782-1992 ( ISBN 0-7165-2528-3 )

* MacCarthy, Robert Ancient and Modern: a short history of the Church of Ireland.

Edward the Bruce ( Norman French: Edward de Brus ; Medieval Gaelic: Edubard a Briuis ; Modern Scottish Gaelic: Eideard or Iomhair Bruis ; 1280 – 14 October 1318 ), sometimes modernised Edward of Bruce, was a younger brother of King Robert I of Scotland, who supported his brother in the struggle for the crown of Scotland, then pursued his own claim in Ireland.

Fidchell or Fithcheall ( Modern Irish: Ficheall ) was played in Ireland.

In 1956, he represented Ireland at the Venice Biennale, winning the Premio Acquisito Internationale ( a once-off award when the event was acquired by the Nestle Corporation ) with A Family ( National Gallery of Ireland ), subsequently included in the historic exhibition Fifty Years of Modern Art Brussels, World Fair 1958.

Works are in many major collections, including the Central Bank of Ireland, Dublin ; Bank of Ireland ; Allied Irish Banks ; Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin ; Ulster Museum, Belfast ; Waterford Museum ; Office of Public Works, Dublin ; First National Bank of Chicago ; First National City Bank of New York ; An Chomhairle Ealaíon / The Irish Arts Council ; KLM Airlines Headquarters, New York ; Irish Management Institute, Dublin ; Jefferson Smurfit Group Ltd .; Norman B. Arnoff, New York ; University College, Dublin, and the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.

Ackland Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ; Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney Australia ; The Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois ; Arts Council, England ; Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, England ; The British Museum, London, England ; City Art Gallery, Leeds Museums and Galleries, England ; The Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio ; Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine ; Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York ; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C .; Imperial War Museum, London, England ; Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin ; Iziko Museum of Cape Town, South Africa ; Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York ; The Fred Jones, Jr. Museum of Art, University of Oklahoma, Norman ; Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska ; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ; Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, England ; MIT-List Visual Arts Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Museum am Ostwall, Dortmund, Germany ; Museum Neuhaus — Sammlung Liaunig, Austria ; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Illinois ; The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California ; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts ; The Museum of Modern Art, New York ; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C .; National Gallery of Australia, Canberra ; Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase College, State University of New York ; The Phillips Collection, Washington, D. C .; Portland Museum of Art, Maine ; Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art Gallery, Edinburgh ; Southampton City Art Gallery, England ; Tate Gallery, London, England ; Ulster Museum, Belfast, Northern Ireland ; The University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor ; Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England ; Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond ; The Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, England ; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York ; Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut.

For historical context see Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691