Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the viaticum for the dying was authorised.

Around 1447 – 1454 he painted Scenes of Monastic Life for the church San Miniato al Monte, Florence.

The Constitution of Bhutan provides for a government consisting of three main branches – executive, legislative, and judicial – plus the officially apolitical Dratshang Lhentshog ( Monastic Affairs Commission ) of the Drukpa Kagyu state religion.

Demand for manuscripts grew to an extent that the Monastic libraries were unable to meet with the demand, and began employing secular scribes and illuminators.

Monastic orders had maintained, for the education of their members, six colleges at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge ; of which five survived as refoundations.

Monastic orders of education under the supervision of a guru was a favored form of education for the nobility in ancient India.

Douglas is twice referred to in the Monastic ' Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles '; first in 1192, when the monks of St Mary's Abbey at Rushen, were transferred there for a four-year stay, then again in 1313, when Robert ( Bruce ), King of Scotland, spent the night at the ' monastery of Duglas ' on his way to seize Castle Rushen.

Monastic scapulars originated as aprons worn by medieval monks, and were later extended to habits for members of religious organizations, orders or confraternities.

When the knights lost the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410, Bogislaw VIII of Pomerania-Stolp changed sides again and allied with Poland in return for the Bütow, Schlochau, Preußisch-Friedland, Baldenburg, Hammerstein and Schivelbein areas, which Poland had gained from the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights before.

Monastic centers thrive to this day in Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, Rebublic of Macedonia, Russia, Romania, Serbia, the Holy Land, and elsewhere in the Orthodox world, the Autonomous Monastic State of Mount Athos remaining the spiritual center of monasticism for Eastern Orthodox.

** Bush Center for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.

This litany is prescribed in the Roman Breviary at the " Preces Feriales " and in the Monastic Breviary for every " Hora " ( Rule of St. Benedict, ix, 17 ).

Monastic, Masonic and Lodge organisations also use the term " Brother " for members.

* Mo-ho-seng-ch ' i lü 摩訶僧祇律 ( T1425 ), translation of Mahasanghika version ( the nuns ' rules have been translated by the late Professor Hirakawa in English as Monastic Discipline for the Buddhist Nuns, Patna, 1982 )

* 480: Traditional birth of St Benedict, author of a Monastic Rule, setting out regulations for the establishment of monasteries.

Crossing the Threshold of Hope has been cited by many, including Scott Hahn ( Lord, Have Mercy: The Healing Power of Confession ), Eugene Mario DeRobertis ( Phenomenological Psychology: A Text for Beginners ), Harold C Raley ( A Watch Over Mortality: The Philosophical Story of Julian Marias ), R Baschetti ( Evolutionary, Biological Origins of Mortality: Implications for Research with Human Embryonic Stem Cells ), Anthony Scioli ( Hope in the Age of Anxiety ), John Berkman ( The Consumption of Animals and the Catholic Tradition ), and Christopher Jamison ( Finding Sanctuary: Monastic Steps for Everyday Life ) and more.

Monastic traditions unite the githzerai race, emphasizing rigorous training for their bodies, minds, and souls.

His primary duty is to lead the Dratshang Lhentshog ( Commission for the Monastic Affairs ) of Bhutan, which oversees the Central Monastic Body, and to arbitrate on matters of doctrine, assisted by lopons ( learned masters ).

The position of Je Khenpo is granted on merit by election, and typically is given to the most respected monk in the Dratshang Lhentshog ( Commission for the Monastic Affairs ).

In turn, the Je Khenpo appoints, on the recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog ( Commission for the Monastic Affairs ), monks with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog ( stages of development and completion in Vajrayana practice ) as the Five Lopons.

Monastic and lay elites around the Konbaung kings, particularly from Bodawpaya's reign, also launched a major reformation of Burmese intellectual life and monastic organization and practice known as the Sudhamma Reformation.

The booklets cover a wide range of topics and can be categorized as: Introductory Booklets ; Specific Teachings ( on the main topics of Buddhist doctrine, such as the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, dependent origination, the three marks of existence, kamma and rebirth, and so forth ); Meditation and Mind Training ; Dhamma Reflections ( more personal explorations of the relevance of Buddhist principles for spiritual understanding and practice ); Philosophy and Psychology ; Faith and Devotion ; Monastic Life ; Comparative Studies ; Buddhist History and Culture ; Buddhism and the World Today ; Translations from the Pali Canon ; Non-Canonical Buddhist Literature.

The Monastic Rule of David prescribed that monks had to pull the plough themselves without draught animals, must drink only water eat only bread with salt and herbs and spend the evenings in prayer, reading and writing.

During yet another war between Poland and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, some Hussite raiders helped the Poles.

Monastic chroniclers often deplore depredations made by foreign armies and sometimes even those of their own rulers but some Scots forces were going beyond normal Norman ' harrying ' by systematically carrying off women and children as slaves.

* Bengali book " Swamijir Padaprante " by Swami Abjajananda translated into English by Mrs. Chhaya Ghosh and published by Advaita Ashrama under the title " Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda: Inspiring life stories of some principal disciples of Swami Vivekananda "

The unknown writer, though his opinion is of no value on the origin of the " Cursus ", may well have known about some of these of his own knowledge ; but through the seventh century there are indications of a tendency to adopt the Roman or the Monastic " cursus " instead of the Gallican, or to mix them up, a tendency which was resisted at times by provincial councils.

Some of Bede's homilies were collected by Paul the Deacon, and they were used in that form in the Monastic Office.

* Dom Columba Marmion OSB, Christ the Ideal of the Monk – Spiritual Conferences on the Monastic and Religious Life ( Engl.

The Monastic Rule of St. Columbanus is much shorter than that of St. Benedict, consisting of only ten chapters.

Monastic estates were called chos-gzhis (), linked to Buddhist monasteries, and were similar to priests or clergy castes of other societies.

Monastic deacons are called hierodeacons, monastic priests are called hieromonks.

* Monastic Wisdom.

Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

Today new expressions of Christian monasticism, many of which ecumenical, are developing in places such as the Bose Monastic Community in Italy, the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem throughout Europe, and the Taizé Community in France, and the mainly Evangelical Protestant New Monasticism.

* Abbot Gasquet's English Monastic Life.

* Zarnecki, George ( 1985 ), The Monastic World: The Contributions of The Orders.

* Scenes of Monastic Life ( c. 1447 – 1454 ) -

During the next three years all of Pomesania was conquered and made part of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

* Spijker, ' Learning by Experience: Twelfth Century Monastic Ideas ' in Centres of Learning, 1995, pp. 197 – 206.

The peninsula became part of the Duchy of Prussia when Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the 37th Grand Master, secularized the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights in 1525.

In 1440, the gentry of Thorn formed the Prussian Confederation, and in 1454 rose with the Confederation against the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years ' War.

Being conquered by Danes and Germans in 1227, Estonia was ruled initially by Denmark in the north, by the Livonian Order, an autonomous part of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and Baltic German ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire.

English translation by Timothy Miller, in J. Thomas and A. C. Hero, eds., Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents (= Dumbarton Oaks Studies 35 ) ( Washington, 2000 ), I. 67 – 83.