The most commonly accepted hypothesis for this battle ( epic as described by Christian chronicles, but a mere skirmish in Muslim texts ) is that the Moorish column was attacked from the cliffs and then fell back through the valleys towards present day Gijón, but was attacked whilst in retreat by the retinue and nearly destroyed.

The next great event in the cardinal's life was the crusade against the Moorish city of Oran in North Africa, in which his religious zeal coincided with Ferdinand's prospect for political and material gain.

Moorish architecture is a term used to describe the articulated Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal where the Moors were dominant from 711 – 1492.

He is said to have married Ermesinda, daughter of Pelagius, who founded Asturias after the Battle of Covadonga in which he reversed the Moorish conquest of the region.

* The Reconquista, from 722, initially led by Pelagius of Asturias, until 1249 ( in Portugal only ), the Christian reaction to the Muslim invasion in which several Christian kingdoms slowly expanded themselves over Iberia at the expense of the Moorish states of Al-Andalus, and in the context of which Portugal emerges as an autonomous entity as the First County of Portugal, in 868, when Count Vímara Peres conquers the area from the Minho River to the Douro River, including the city of Portus Cale, from where the name and political entity of Portugal issued.

In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which confirmed that the blade was made in Moorish Córdoba in the eleventh century and contained amounts of Damascus steel.

The result was many ( up to 34 ) small kingdoms each centered upon their capital, and the governors, not subscribing to any larger-scale vision of the Moorish presence, had no qualms about attacking their neighbouring kingdoms whenever they could gain advantage by doing so.

Another related term is moresque, meaning " Moorish "; Randle Cotgrave's A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues of 1611 defines this as: " a rude or anticke painting, or carving, wherin the feet and tayles of beasts, & c, are intermingled with, or made to resemble, a kind of wild leaves, & c ." and " arabesque ", in its earliest use cited in the OED ( but as a French word ), as " Rebeske work ; a small and curious flourishing ".

After Pelayo's victory over the Moorish detachment at the Battle of Covadonga, a small territorial independent entity was established in the Asturian mountains that was the origin of the kingdom of Asturias.

Instead, he turned all his attentions to the south, towards the Moorish small kingdoms ( called taifas ) that still thrived.

Neo-Byzantine architecture had a small following in the wake of the 19th-century Gothic revival, resulting in such jewels as Westminster Cathedral in London, and in Bristol from about 1850 to 1880 a related style known as Bristol Byzantine was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of the Byzantine style with Moorish architecture.

Moorish idols have small terminal mouths at the end of long, tubular snouts ; many long bristle-like teeth line the mouth.

Often seen alone, Moorish idols also form pairs or occasionally small schools, especially as juveniles.

Before that, it had been a small Moorish village.

In commemoration of the Battle of Ourique, the first Portuguese coat-of-arms appeared that included five small shields, to represent the five defeated Moorish kings ( from one interpretation ), which was later challenged by many authors.

The Battle of Fuengirola ( October 15, 1810 ) was a engagement between a small Army of the Duchy of Warsaw garrison of a mediæval Moorish fortress in Fuengirola against a much larger Anglo-Spanish expeditionary corps under Andrew Blayney.

The cathedral's small courtyard is the remnant of the larger Moorish court of the mosque.

In addition to this, unfriendly reception, the newcomers had to endure much from both great and small rulers eager for booty, as well as from the Moorish population ( see Ibn Verga ).

These were transformed into a small Egyptian Revival styled auditorium and a small Moorish styled auditorium.

The city was founded in 1471, as a small fortress which still exists to this day, by Moorish exiles from Spain led by Moulay Ali Ben Moussa Ben Rached El Alami to fight the Portuguese invasions of northern Morocco.

Exiled from the court of the Spanish Emperor Alfonso VI of León and Castile, El Cid went on to command a Moorish force consisting of Muladis, Berbers, Arabs and Malians, under Yusuf al-Mu ' taman ibn Hud, Moorish king of the northeast Al-Andalus city of Zaragoza, and his successor, Al-Mustein II.

He was given the title El Cid ( The Master ) and served as a leading figure in a vibrant Moorish force consisting of Muladis, Berbers, Arabs and Malians.

El Cid had probably commanded a large Moorish force during the Battle of Sagrajas, which took place in 1086, near the Taifa of Badajoz.

Given the title of Al Sidi ( El Cid, The Master ), he served as a leading figure in a Moorish force consisting of Muladis, Berbers, Arabs and Malians.

El Cid probably commanded a large Moorish force during the great Battle of Sagrajas, which took place in 1086, near the Taifa of Badajoz.

After your Highnesses ended the war of the Moors who reigned in Europe, and finished the war of the great city of Granada, where this present year on the 2nd January I saw the royal banners of Your Highnesses planted by force of arms on the towers of the Alhambra, which is the fortress of the said city, I saw the Moorish sultan issue from the gates of the said city, and kiss the royal hands of Your Highnesses …

In 859 the kingdom became subject to a 62 ship-strong group of Vikings who defeated a Moorish force in Nekor that had attempted to interfere with their plunderings in the area.

* 722-A powerful Moorish force sent to conquer Asturias once and for all is defeated by king Pelayo at the Battle of Covadonga.

" Casa de los azulejos ", built in 1890 in the Historic centre of Villahermosa, combines Gothic and Moorish styles.

* Al-Maqqari's " Breath Of Perfumes ", in: Charles F. Horne, Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East: Medieval Arabic, Moorish, and Turkish, ISBN 0-7661-0001-4.

Moorish tribes meet to trade gum arabic at Bakel on the Senegal river, 1890 ( illustration from " Côte occidentale d ' Afrique du Colonel Frey ", pl.

The theory that the Cagots were " descendants of Moorish soldiers left over from the 8th century Muslim invasion of Spain and France ", a 2008 article in The Independent states, " is supported by many French experts.

* Chicago Defender ( 1929 ) " Drew Ali, ' Prophet ' of Moorish Cult, Dies Suddenly ", July 27, 1929, page 1.

In 1996, Moorish provided backing vocals on Irish indie band Ash's hit single, " Oh Yeah ", which reached No. 6 in the UK charts.

In the late 1960s York, calling himself " Imaam Isa ", combined elements of the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Nation of Islam, the Nation of Gods and Earths and Freemasonry, and invented a quasi-Muslim black nationalist movement, which he called " Ansaar Pure Sufi " whose attire was black and green dashikis.

Illustration by M Alison Atkins from " The invention of the Moorish arch: a legend ", published in 1905 by Leadenhall Press LTD in London and Charles Scribner's Sons in New York.

" The Lustful Turk ", a well-known British erotic novel, was also based on the theme of Westen women forced into sexual slavery in the harem of the Dey of Algiers, while in " A Night in a Moorish Harem ", a Western man invades a harem and enjoys forbidden sex with nine concubines.

These adherents also call themselves " indigenous Moors ", " American Moors " or " Moorish Americans " in contradistinction to " African Moors " or " African Americans ".

* 711 – Islamic conquest of Hispania: Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ).

After the Christian defeat at the Battle of Sagrajas in 1086, El Cid was recalled to service by Alfonso VI, and commanded a combined Christian and Moorish army, which he used to create his own fiefdom in the Moorish Mediterranean coastal city of Valencia.

Two medieval instruments that were called " guitars " were in use by 1200: the ( Moorish guitar ) and the ( Latin guitar ).

Henry was 21 when he, his father and brothers captured the Moorish port of Ceuta in northern Morocco, that had long been a base for Barbary pirates who raided the Portuguese coast, depopulating villages by capturing their inhabitants to be sold in the African slave market.

As before independence, the sedentary lifestyle of these groups made them more receptive to and useful in state formation, and they quickly came to dominate state administration, even if the Moorish groups built up by the French remained in charge of the political process.

He was impressed by the Italian countryside and by the Alhambra, a fourteenth-century Moorish castle in Granada, Spain.

The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in approximately 1603, and based on the Italian short story Un Capitano Moro (" A Moorish Captain ") by Cinthio, a disciple of Boccaccio, first published in 1565.

Both noble and common knights wore leather armour and carried javelins, spears and round-tasselled shields ( influenced by Moorish shields ), as well as a sword.

* 739: Moorish garrison driven out of Galicia by Asturian-Galician forces.

The rest of the plateau comprises a number of Moorish palaces, enclosed by a fortified wall, with thirteen towers, some defensive and some providing vistas for the inhabitants.

* Moorish exiles from Spain, led by Moulay Ali Ben Moussa Ben Rached El Alami, found the city of Chefchaouen in the north of Morocco.

Basiliscus escapes with his surviving fleet to Sicily, harassed all the way by Moorish pirates.

By contrast, the Dominican order, a teaching order founded by St Dominic in 1215, to propagate and defend Christian doctrine, placed more emphasis on the use of reason and made extensive use of the new Aristotelian sources derived from the East, and Moorish Spain.

After Charles Martel countered the Moorish invasion from Spain ( 732 — Poitiers ), the King Charlemagne ( born close to Liège in Herstal or Jupille ) brought a huge part of Europe under his rule and was crowned the " Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire " by the Pope Leo III ( 800 in Aachen ).

Ferdinand was his son-in-law, and was probably disposed to leniency by the imminence of a Moorish invasion in which Portugal could render useful assistance.

The Moorish garrisons of Palmela, Sintra and Almada soon capitulated, and in 1158 Alcácer do Sal, one of the chief centres of Moorish commerce, was taken by storm.

The monarchy owed its triumph to its championship of national interests, to the support of the municipalities and military orders, and to the prestige gained by the royal armies in the Moorish and Castilian wars.

However, there is some evidence that during this period of independence from external rule, the city was deserted because it was too exposed to attacks by Moorish pirates from the sea.

This second stage inaugurated an era of Moorish rulers guided by a version of Islam that left behind the tolerant practices of the past.

He established an independent Christian state in opposition to Moorish hegemony, but there is no strong evidence that he intended to resuscitate the old Visigothic Kingdom, or was motivated by any religious desire.