Morphine ( INN ) (; MS Contin, MSIR, Avinza, Kadian, Oramorph, Roxanol, Kapanol ) is a potent opiate analgesic drug that is used to relieve severe pain.

Morphine is the most abundant alkaloid found in opium, the dried sap ( latex ) derived from shallowly slicing the unripe seedpods of the opium, or common and / or edible, poppy, Papaver somniferum.

Morphine was the first active principle purified from a plant source and is one of at least 50 alkaloids of several different types present in opium, poppy straw concentrate, and other poppy derivatives.

Morphine is generally 8 to 14 percent of the dry weight of opium, although specially bred cultivars reach 26 percent or produce little morphine at all, under 1 percent, perhaps down to 0. 04 percent.

Morphine is produced most predominantly early in the life cycle of the plant.

Morphine is primarily used to treat both acute and chronic severe pain.

Morphine is also used in slow release formulations for opiate substitution therapy ( OST ) in Austria, Bulgaria, and Slovenia, for addicts who cannot tolerate the side effects of using either methadone or buprenorphine, or for addicts who are " not held " by buprenorphine or methadone.

Morphine is a potentially highly addictive substance.

Morphine withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine withdrawal.

Morphine is the prototype narcotic drug and is the standard against which all other opioids are tested.

Morphine is a phenanthrene opioid receptor agonist – its main effect is binding to and activating the μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system.

Morphine is a rapid-acting narcotic, and it is known to bind very strongly to the μ-opioid receptors, and for this reason, it often has a higher incidence of euphoria / dysphoria, respiratory depression, sedation, pruritus, tolerance, and physical and psychological dependence when compared to other opioids at equianalgesic doses.

Morphine is also a κ-opioid and δ-opioid receptor agonist, κ-opioid's action is associated with spinal analgesia, miosis ( pinpoint pupils ) and psychotomimetic effects.

Morphine is metabolised primarily in the liver and approximately 87 % of a dose of morphine is excreted in the urine within 72 hours of administration.

Morphine is metabolized primarily into morphine-3-glucuronide ( M3G ) and morphine-6-glucuronide ( M6G ) via glucuronidation by phase II metabolism enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B7 ( UGT2B7 ).

Morphine is able to cross the blood – brain barrier, but, because of poor lipid solubility, protein binding, rapid conjugation with glucuronic acid and ionization, it does not cross easily.

Morphine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures.

Morphine valerate produced industrially was one ingredient of a medication available for both oral and parenteral administration popular many years ago in Europe and elsewhere called Trivalin ( not to be confused with the current, unrelated herbal preparation of the same name ), which also included the valerates of caffeine and cocaine, with a version containing codeine valerate as a fourth ingredient being distributed under the name Tetravalin.

Cole's story " Murder, Morphine and Me ", which he illustrated and possibly wrote for publisher Magazine Village's True Crime Comics # 2 ( May, 1947 ), became a centerpiece of psychiatrist Dr. Fredric Wertham's crusade against violent comic books.

During this time the configuration experienced a renaissance of sorts with groups such as Nirvana, Silverchair, Meat Puppets, Violent Femmes, Babes in Toyland, Primus, Hüsker Dü ( and spin off bands Nova Mob and Sugar ), Walt Mink, the Minutemen, Dinosaur Jr, Sebadoh, Melvins, Fudge Tunnel, Galaxie 500, DC3, Nomeansno, The Presidents of the United States of America, Low, the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Killdozer, Cosmic Psychos, Therapy ?, Placebo, Jawbreaker, Bratmobile, Sleater-Kinney, the Screaming Blue Messiahs, Gov't Mule, Morphine ( bass, sax and drums ) and Ben Folds Five ( piano, bass and drums ).

In 2009, Colley and Deupree began regularly performing Morphine songs and new material as Members of Morphine ( alternately, the Ever-Expanding Elastic Waste Band ), with singer, bassist and guitarist Jeremy Lyons of New Orleans.

Henry Rollins ( both as a spoken-word artist and with Rollins Band ), George Michael, Randy Newman, Morphine, Eels, comedian / actor Chris Rock, and others were also signed to the label.

Morphine acetate, which is another name for heroin is a Schedule I controlled substance, so it is not used clinically in the United States ; it is a sanctioned medication in the United Kingdom and in Canada, its use being particularly common ( nearly to the degree of the hydrochloride salt ) in the United Kingdom.

( Al was responsible for the outro of Stay With Me A While, the main solo of Morphine Child, the main solo of The Rumor, the first part of the main solo in Commissar & the outro of Commissar During his time with Savatage, he was asked by their producer Paul O ' Neill if he was interested in joining his side project, the Trans-Siberian Orchestra.

Morphine can be taken orally, sublingually, bucally, rectally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intrathecally or epidurally and inhaled via a nebulizer.

* 1999 – Mark Sandman, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer ( Morphine and Treat Her Right ) ( b. 1952 )

* 1952 – Mark Sandman, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer ( Morphine and Treat Her Right ) ( d. 1999 )

Posthumous Morphine releases followed shortly thereafter, including Bootleg Detroit, an " official live bootleg ", and The Best of Morphine: 1992 – 1995, both on Rykodisc.

#" Lay Off the Morphine " – 2: 54

# Morphine – " Honey White "

# " Earthtone Morphine Battery " – 3: 35

#" Sister Morphine " ( Jagger / Richards / Marianne Faithfull ) – 6: 16

Morphine has long been known to act on receptors expressed on cells of the central nervous system resulting in pain relief and analgesia.

Morphine, the archetypal opioid, and various other substances ( e. g. codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, dihydromorphine, pethidine ) all exert a similar influence on the cerebral opioid receptor system.

They do not produce raw opium any more but derive Morphine and other opiates using the poppy straw method of extraction.

Morphine has a high potential for addiction ; tolerance and psychological dependence develop rapidly, although physiological dependence may take several months to develop.

Morphine has also traditionally been used in the treatment of the acute pulmonary edema.

Morphine and heroin were also much more likely to produce euphoria and other positive subjective effects when compared to these other opioids.

Morphine appears to mimic endorphins.

For one thing, this is not a subject often discussed or analyzed.

It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which, it is pertinent to remember, was coined by Bentham ), a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena.

Accidental war is so sensitive a subject that most of the people who could become directly involved in one are told just enough so they can perform their portions of incredibly complex tasks.

I think it is essential, however, to pinpoint here the difference between the two concepts of sovereignty that went to war in 1861 -- if only to see better how imperative is our need today to clarify completely our far worse confusion on this subject.

His point is simply that the Tories have showered him with personal satire, despite the fact that as a private subject he has a right to speak on political matters without affronting the prerogative of the Sovereign.

he displays what outlanders call the New York mind, a state that the subject is necessarily unable to perceive in himself.

What we must have, if the United Nations is to survive, is as nonpolitical, nonpartisan an organization at the top as human beings can make it, subject to no single nation's direction and subservient to no single nation's ambition.

Even in these cases we should promote self-help by making it clear that our supporting assistance is subject to reduction and ultimately to termination.

It is obvious that this is a potential and lucrative source of revenue for the assessors of those towns where a substantial amount of such property would be subject to taxation.

However, if their United States income is not subject to the withholding of tax on wages, their returns are due June 15, 1962, if they use a calendar year, or the 15th day of the 6th month after the close of their fiscal year.

A minor is subject to tax on his own earnings even though his parent may, under local law, have the right to them and might actually have received the money.

Mr. Barcus spoke on the subject of scholarships for Juniors -- with which he is very familiar.

Flash is allowed, subject to above restrictions.

Foliage is the outstanding photo subject in many of the Southern locales mentioned above and some specific tips on how and where to shoot it are in order.

It is this subject matter that has brought Mason a large and enthusiastic following among sportsmen, but it is his exceptional performance with this motif that commends him to artists and discerning collectors.

Ordinary politeness may have militated against this opinion being stated so badly but anyone with a wide acquaintance in both groups and who has sat through the many round tables, workshops or panel discussions -- whatever they are called -- on this subject will recognize that the final, boiled down crux of the matter is education.

When a family buys a home the title is subject to a perpetual easement to Tri-State.

The amount paid by the oil company to Tri-State for the use of its oil distribution system and the privilege of supplying all the homes, is subject to negotiation but naturally must be profitable to both parties.

The Public Service Commission has ruled that this is not a public utility, subject to their many regulations.

The elasticity is a parameter of fluids which is not subject to simple measurement at present, and it is a parameter which is probably varying in an unknown manner with many commercial materials.