Following the Arab Spring, scholar Oliver Roy has described Islamism, or political Islam, as " increasingly interdependent " with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that " neither can now survive without the other.

In a commentary of the hadith Sahih Muslim, entitled al-Minhaj, the medieval Islamic scholar Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi stated that " one of the collective duties of the community as a whole ( fard kifaya ) is to lodge a valid protest, to solve problems of religion, to have knowledge of Divine Law, to command what is right and forbid wrong conduct ".

Kanem was a Muslim scholar and non-Sayfawa warlord who had put together an alliance of Shuwa Arabs, Kanembu, and other seminomadic peoples.

According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote:

* 1020s: The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian Muslim scholar.

* Al-Ghazali ( a. k. a. Algazel ), celebrated Muslim scholar

* Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Muslim scholar and the 1st Caliph of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Islam.

* July 31 – Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Muslim scholar ( b. 780 )

* Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Sunni Muslim scholar and historian ( d. 1071 )

* Imam Nawawi, prominent Muslim scholar

* April 20 – Jafar al-Sadiq, descendant of Muhammad, Shī ‘ ah Imām, and Muslim scholar ( d. 765 )

* Ibn Khallikan, Muslim scholar

He writes that it is important for a layperson to seek assistance from an Alim ( Muslim scholar ) who could guide in the interpretation of dreams with a proper understanding of the cultural context and other such causes and interpretations.

* Seyyed Razi, important Muslim scholar and writer

Among the critics of Yoruba traditions about Oduduwa is the London-based Yoruba Muslim scholar, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu, a PhD graduate from Damascus whose followers run several publications.

The Muslim scholar advised his followers at his Awqaf Africa College London against using phrases such as Omo Oduduwa i. e. Children of Oduduwa and Ile-Oduduwa i. e Land of Oduduwa.

Ulama (, singular, " scholar "), also spelt ulema, refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies.

Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal ( 1877-1938 ), a notable Muslim philosopher, poet and scholar from Pakistan ( then British Raj | British India )

Famous local Sheikhs include Abdirahman bin Isma ' il al-Jabarti, an early Muslim leader in northern Somalia ; Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, the patron saint of Harar ; Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Sheikh of the riwaq in Cairo who recorded the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt ; Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla ' i, scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Qadiriyyah movement in Somalia and East Africa ; Shaykh Sufi, 19th century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist ; Abdallah al-Qutbi, polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part Al-Majmu ' at al-mubaraka (" The Blessed Collection "); and Muhammad Al-Sumaalee, teacher in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.

The 11th century Persian Muslim scholar Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī also dated Zoroaster 258 years before the era of Alexander ( The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries, p. 17, l. 10, transl.

The misleading notion that Hinduism is fundamentally idolatrous was addressed in the context of Abrahamic religions by the 11th century Muslim scholar Al-Biruni.

The Medieval Muslim scholar, al-Ghazali pointing out that the only legitimate " preference principle " in the sight of God is piety, writes: " every time a rich man believes that he is better than a poor one, or a white man believes that he is better than a black one, then he is being arrogant.

Thousands of angry Hamas loyalists marched on February 24, 2008 at the funeral of a Muslim preacher who died in PNA custody, turning the ceremony into a rare show of defiance against President Mahmoud Abbas.

; Mahmoud Ali: A Muslim Indian barrister who openly hates the British.

When the 2009 Presidential election was announced, the popular former president, Mohammad Khatami, would not discuss his plans to run against Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as the Council may disqualify the Muslim cleric as it has other reformist candidates on the grounds that they were not dedicated enough to Islamic values.

The most liberal Muslim intellectuals who focused on religious reform include Muhammad Ali ( writer ), Sayyid al-Qimni, Nasr Abu Zayd, Abdolkarim Soroush, Mohammed Arkoun, Mohammed Shahrour, Ahmed Subhy Mansour, Edip Yuksel, Gamal al-Banna, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na ' im, Ahmed Al-Gubbanchi, Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, and Faraj Foda, the last two were killed after apostasy claims which most of them have been accused of by traditional Islamic scholars.

The names were Khaled Muhammad bin Muslim Al-Arawi Al-Juhani, Muhammed Othman Abdullah Al-Walidi Al-Shehri, Hani Saeed Ahmad Al Abdul-Karim Al-Ghamdi, Jubran Ali Ahmad Hakami Khabrani, Khaled bin Ibrahim Mahmoud, Mehmas bin Muhammed Mehmas Al-Hawashleh Al-Dosari, Muhammed bin Shadhaf Ali Al-Mahzoum Al-Shehri, Hazem Muhammed Saeed Kashmiri, Majed Abdullah Sa ' ad bin Okail, Bandar bin Abdul-Rahman Menawer Al-Rahimi Al-Mutairi, Abdul-Karim Muhammed Jubran Yazji, and Abdullah Farres bin Jufain Al-Rahimi Al-Mutairi.

The son of Mahmoud Ezzat, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood's ruling body, is married to an Abaza, the late Omar Suleiman's daughter is also married into the family and there are marriages with the Royal House of Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the descendants of Prince Mahmoud El-Yasgy.

* For the hardline Iranian Twelver Shi ' a Muslim cleric and supporter of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, see Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi

* The Prophet Mohammad and the First Muslim State by Dr. Mohammad Mahmoud Ghali

Whilst technically appointed by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, he is considered to be closer to more pragmatic conservative factions and during the 2005 presidential election, he was the campaign manager of Ali Larijani, the Muslim conservative candidate.

Abu Qatada al-Filistini (, ’ Abū Qatāda al-Filisṭīnī ; born 1959 / 60 ), is the conventional name of Omar Mahmoud Othman ( ‘ Umar ibn Maḥmūd ibn ‘ Uṯmān ), a Palestinian Muslim of Jordanian citizenship.

Bernard Lewis states that the Muslim laity and Islamic authorities have always had great difficulty in accommodating post-Islamic monotheistic religions such as the Bahá ' í Faith, since the followers of such religions cannot be dismissed either as benighted heathens, like the polytheists of Asia and the animists of Africa, nor as outdated precursors, like the Jews and Christians.

The Saraiki community diffused when Saraiki-speaking Hindus migrated to the neighboring Indian states of Bikaner and Jaisalmer during Partition and were replaced by Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees from India.

An early Muslim tradition is that the Negus Ashama ibn Abjar offered asylum to a group of Muslims fleeing persecution during Muhammad's life ( 615 ), but Stuart Munro-Hay believes that Axum had been abandoned as the capital by then – although Kobishchanov states that Ethiopian raiders plagued the Red Sea, preying on Arabian ports at least as late as 702.

Arab states, seeing Eritrea and its large Muslim population as an extension of the Arab world, sought the establishment of an independent state.

In 1961 the ELF's political character was vague, but radical Arab states such as Syria and Iraq sympathized with Eritrea as a predominantly Muslim region struggling to escape Ethiopian oppression and imperial domination.

Mountbatten tried to persuade Jinnah of a united India, citing the difficult task of dividing the mixed states of Punjab and Bengal, but the Muslim leader was unyielding in his goal of establishing a separate Muslim state called Pakistan.

During the next 750 years, independent Muslim states were established, and the entire area of Muslim control became known as Al-Andalus.

The Islamic Caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East, Caucasus and Central Asia during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century, and later expanded into the Indian subcontinent and Malay archipelago.

Within the native culture, however, establishing a connection between English Language Teaching ( ELT ), patriotism and Muslim faith is seen as one of the aims of ELT, as the chairman of the Punjab Textbook Board openly states: " The board ... takes care, through these books to inoculate in the students a love of the Islamic values and awareness to guard the ideological frontiers of your students home lands " ( Punjab Text Book Board 1997 ).

* By the end of World War I, most Muslim states were seen to be dominated by the Christian-leaning Western states.

* Along with the Yom Kippur War came the Arab oil embargo where the ( Muslim ) Persian Gulf oil-producing states ' dramatic decision to cut back on production and quadruple the price of oil, made the terms oil, Arabs and Islam synonymous – with power – in the world, and especially in the Muslim world's public imagination.

Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements, Islamic Jihad directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western / foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies.

Muslim exegesis preserves a tradition, which parallels that of the Hebrew Bible, which states that Hezekiah was the king that ruled over Jerusalem during Isaiah's time.

The Muslim states of Syria were meanwhile gradually united by Nur ad-Din, who defeated the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab in 1149 and gained control of Damascus in 1154.

Slavery was less common than ransom, especially for prisoners of war ; the large numbers of prisoners taken during raids and battles every year ensured that ransom money flowed freely between the Christian and Muslim states.

West African states with Muslim populations have also been the source of some personnel.

Most Muslims accept as a Muslim anyone who has publicly pronounced the Shahadah ( declaration of faith ) which states, " I testify that there is no god except for the God, and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God.

The Society of the Muslim Brothers (, often simply:, " the Muslim Brotherhood ", transliterated: ) is the Arab world's most influential and one of the largest Islamic movements, and is the largest political opposition organization in many Arab states.

Mecca was never the capital of any of the Islamic states but Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep.