An explanation for this choice can only be conjectured from Ibn al-Athir ’ s account of the battle between Alp-Arslan and Kutalmish, in which he writes that Alp-Arslan wept for the latter's death and greatly mourned the loss of his kinsman.

Also notable are works of universal history ( or sociology ) from Asharites, al-Tabri, al-Masudi, Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings, Ibn Rustah, al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun, whose Muqadimmah contains cautions regarding trust in written records that remain wholly applicable today.

Ibn al-Athir ( d. 1233 ), on the other hand, produced a more hostile picture.

The battle ended in a Zengid victory, and Saladin is credited to have helped Shirkuh in one of the " most remarkable victories in recorded history ", according to Ibn al-Athir, although more of Shirkuh's men were killed and the battle is considered by most sources as not a total victory.

Ibn al-Athir claims that the caliph chose him after being told by his advisers that " there is no one weaker or younger " than Saladin, and " not one of the emirs obeyed him or served him.

Nonetheless, Imad al-Din writes the raid was alarming to the Muslims because they were not accustomed to attacks on that sea and Ibn al-Athir adds that the inhabitants had no experience with the Crusaders either as fighters or traders.

* Ibn al-Athir

* Ibn al-Athir, Anatolian historian ( d. 1233 )

* Ibn al-Athir, Arabian historian ( b. 1160 )

According to the historian Muslim Ibn al-Athir, Imperial casualties numbered around 4, 000.

Ibn al-Athir wrote: " They Muslims were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the Franks.

According to Muslim historians such as Ibn Khaldun and Ali ibn al-Athir, Amalek is a name given to the Amorites and the Canaanites.

Later writers ( such as the 13th century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre and the Latin Continuation of William of Tyre ) conflated these two incidents, claiming erroneously that Saladin's sister, aunt, or even mother, had been taken prisoner, but this is contradicted by Arabic sources, such as Abu Shama and Ibn al-Athir.

This account, more rich in detail than the Mozarabic Chronicle, is at odds with not only the later Latin histories, but also the later Arabic ones: the anonymous compilation called the Akhbar Majmu ' ah, the late tenth-century work of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya (" the son descendant of the Goth Wittiza "), the eleventh-century historian Ibn Hayyān, the thirteenth-century Complete History of Ibn al-Athir, the fourteenth-century history of Ibn Khaldūn, or the early modern work of al-Maqqarī.

Other works of universal history from al-Tabari, al-Masudi, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun himself, were quite influential in what we now call archaeology and ethnology.

The Muslim commander at Burbia is named in Ibn al-Athir as Yūsuf ibn Bukht and the battle is likewise recorded in al-Maqqarī.

Later in 960, according to Muslim historians Ibn Miskawaih and Ibn al-Athir, there was a mass conversion of the Turks ( reportedly " 200, 000 tents of the Turks "), circumstantial evidence suggests these were the Karakhanids.

It is quoted by Ibn al-Athir:

Pioneer scholars such as Ibn Maimun ( Maimonides ), ( 1135 – 1204 ), Al-Idrissi ( d. 1166 AD ), Ibn al-Arabi ( 1165-1240 AD ), Ibn Khaldun ( 1332-1395 AD ), Ibn al-Khatib, Al-Bitruji ( Alpetragius ), Ibn Hirzihim, and Al-Wazzan were all connected with the madrasa either as students or lecturers.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

** This is a distinguished work which stands out from, and above, many of the books and articles which have ben written in this century on Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā ) ( A. D. 980 – 1037 ).

There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum ( 428 – 347 BC ), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas ( 810 – 887 ), Eilmer of Malmesbury ( 11th century ), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão ( 1685 – 1724 ).

Works from the medieval Muslim world included Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's ( 828 – 896 ) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils.

* 1945 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt meets with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia aboard the USS Quincy, officially starting the U. S .- Saudi diplomatic relationship.

* 1304 – Ibn Battuta, Arabian explorer ( d. c. 1368 )

Islamic Scholar Ibn Sina ( Avicenna, 981 – 1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern Geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science.

Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ), 965 – 1039, Basra

Ibn Sina ( 980 – 1037 ), known by the Latin name Avicenna, was a medical researcher from Bukhara, Uzbekistan responsible for important contributions to the disciplines of physics, optics, philosophy and medicine.

The Abbasid Caliphate at its height, in 830 ADImportant contributions were made by Ibn al-Haytham ( 965 – 1040 ), a mathematician from Basra, Iraq considered one of the founders of modern optics.

(, ), or simply Ibn Battuta (), also known as Shams ad-Din ( February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369 ), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla ( lit.

Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi (; ; born Ali Mohamed al-Fakheri, 1963 – 10 May 2009 ) was a Libyan captured and interrogated by the American and Egyptian forces.

* 1927 – Ibn Saud takes the title of King of Nejd.

* 1263 – Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar ( d. 1328 )

The organization of the kingdom developed under Ismail Ibn Sharif ( 1672 – 1727 ), who, against the opposition of local tribes began to create a unified state.

* 1927 – Treaty of Jedda: the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of King Ibn Saud in the Kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd, which later merge to become the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Through the descriptions of Leo Africanus and even Ibn Battuta – despite his visit to the river – the myth connecting the Niger to the Nile persisted.

On September 10, 2001, Hanjour, Mihdhar, and Nawaf checked into the Marriott Residence Inn in Herndon, Virginia where Saleh Ibn Abdul Rahman Hussayen, a prominent Saudi government official, was staying – although no evidence was ever uncovered that they had met, or knew of each other's presence.

* 994 – Ibn Hazm, Arab philosopher ( d. 1069 )

* Ibn Sina ( Avicenna, 980 – 1037 ), who formulated the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism in The Book of Healing.

According to Ibn al-Qalanisi, Tancred and Bohemund arrived at Edessa during the siege, but according to Chronicle of 1234 they arrived first at the gates of Harran.

The historian Ibn Khaldun describes fiqh as " knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves bound to obey the law respecting what is required ( wajib ), sinful ( haraam ), recommended ( mandūb ), disapproved ( makrūh ) or neutral ( mubah )".

Ibn Mandhur describes sumrah as wurqah, which is translated as blackness in the color of the earth ( sawaad feel-ghabrah ), and ranges all the way to true black ( sawād ).

* Timeline of medicine and medical technology: Ibn Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and describes the lesser circulation of blood.

One traditional story describes the pilot as the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid, but other contemporaneous accounts place Majid elsewhere, and he could not have been near the vicinity at the time.

The Andalusian agronomist Ibn Bassal ( fl 1038 – 1075 ), in his Kitab al-Filaha, describes the flywheel effect employed in a water wheel machine, the saqiya.

Ibn Fadlan describes the Rus as " perfect physical specimens " and the hygiene of the Rūsiyyah as disgusting ( while also noting with some astonishment that they comb their hair every day ) and considers them vulgar and unsophisticated.

The exact region referred to as " Blessed Land " in the Qur ' an verse has been interpreted differently by various scholars: Abdullah Yusuf Ali likens it to a wide land range including, Syria, Palestine and the cities of Tyre and Sidon ; Az-Zujaj describes it as, " Damascus, Palestine, and a bit of Jordan "; Qatada claims it to be, " the Levant "; Muadh ibn Jabal as, " the area between al-Arish and the Euphrates "; and Ibn Abbas as, " the land of Jericho ".

In The Model of the Motions, Ibn al-Haytham also describes an early version of Occam's razor, where he employs only minimal hypotheses regarding the properties that characterize astronomical motions, as he attempts to eliminate from his planetary model the cosmological hypotheses that cannot be observed from Earth.

Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi's Book of Idols describes the image as shaped like a human, with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand.

Ibn Battuta, the 14th-century traveller and explorer, describes a meal at the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq where the samushak or sambusak, a small pie stuffed with minced meat, almonds, pistachio, walnuts and spices, was served before the third course, of pulao.

Ibn as-Saghir also describes the imām as notably ascetic, repairing his own house and refusing gifts ; the citizens sharply criticized him if they considered him derelict in his duty.

In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta, in his travelogue, calls the rhinoceros he saw in India a karkadann, and describes it as a ferocious beast, driving away from its territory animals as big as the elephant ; this is the legend that is told in One Thousand and One Nights, in the " Second Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor ".

Ibn Rushd later reports this event and describes how Ibn Tufayl then inspired him to write his famous Aristotelian commentaries:

Ibn Ishaq describes a tense period of embassies and counter-embassies, including a bold foray by Uthman ibn Affan into the city of Mecca, where he was temporarily held as a hostage.

Ibn al-Qalanisi describes him as " a firm believer in the doctrines of Sunnah, upright in conduct, a lover of justice towards both troops and civil population, judicious in counsel and plan, ambitious and resolute, of penetrating knowledge and exquisite tact, of generous nature, accurate in his intuitions, and possessing a sense of justice which preserved him from wrongdoing and led him to shun all tyrannical methods.

Ibn Ishaq describes the killing of the Banu Qurayza men as follows:

In 1119 Ilghazi defeated and killed Roger at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis ; Ibn al-Qalanisi describes the victory as " one of the finest of victories, and such plenitude of divine aid was never granted to Islam in all its past ages.

Ibn al-Qalanisi is generally neutral on the character of Ilghazi, and describes only one " disgraceful habit " of the emir: " Now when Ilghazi drank wine and it got the better of him, he habitually remained for several days in a state of intoxication, without recovering his senses sufficiently to take control or to be consulted on any matter or decision.

Muhammad Hamidullah describes the evolutionary ideas found in Ibn Miskawayh's al-Fawz al-Asghar as follows:

Ibn Batuta, when recounting his travels through Hangzhou, China in 1346, describes a trick broadly similar to the Indian rope trick.

Ibn Batuta did report a magic trick with a chain, not a rope, and the trick he describes is different from the " classic " Indian rope trick.

Ibn Batuta, a traveling Moroccan historian of note describes Puttalam as one of two capitals of the Jaffna kingdom in 1344: the other in Nallur in the north.

In it, Ibn Idhari describes the moment when Uqba reached the Atlantic coast saying " Oh God, if the sea had not prevented me, I would have galloped on for ever like Alexander the Great, upholding your faith and fighting the unbelievers !.