neither has the establishment of the State of Israel fostered harmony between Muslims and Jews.

He tried to collect money by using new instruments, such as introducing new taxes, undermining the currency and leasing his income to Jews and Muslims which increased his unpopularity.

Andrew, in contrast with the decisions of the Fourth Council of the Lateran, often employed Jews and Muslims in the royal household.

On his return to Hungary, Archbishop Robert of Esztergom took his kingdom under interdict and excommunicated the king's major dignitaries because Andrew insisted on the employment of Jews and Muslims in his administration.

It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib ( later known as Medina ), including Muslims, Jews, and pagans.

Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city ; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be deported to Constantinople by September.

During the Yuan dynasty, Halal methods of slaughtering animals and preparing food was banned and forbidden by the Mongol Emperors, starting with Genghis Khan who banned Muslims and Jews from slaughtering their animals their own way, and making them follow the Mongol method.

Regarding the salvation of Jews, Muslims, and other non-Christians, the Orthodox have traditionally taught that there is no salvation outside the church.

Jews, Muslims, and members of other faiths, then, are expected to convert to Christianity in the afterlife.

It has been a place of pilgrimage to both Muslims and Jews alike.

* Canons 68, 69: Jews and Muslims shall wear a special dress to enable them to be distinguished from Christians.

Male & female circumcision: Among Jews, Christians and Muslims.

The Inquisition was established and Jews and Muslims who refused to convert were expelled from the country.

The monarchs oversaw the final stages of the Reconquista of Iberian territory from the Moors with the conquest of Granada, conquered the Canary Islands, and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain under the Alhambra decree.

Although until the 13th century religious minorities ( Jews and Muslims ) had enjoyed considerable tolerance in Castilla and Aragon – the only Christian kingdoms where Jews were not restricted from any professional occupation – the situation of the Jews collapsed over the 14th century, reaching a climax in 1391 with large scale massacres in every major city except Ávila.

Over the following decades, Muslims faced the same fate and about 60 years after the Jews, they were also compelled to convert (" moriscos ") or be expelled.

Jews and Muslims were not the only people to be persecuted during this time period.

During the Crusades, both Muslims and Jews in Palestine were indiscriminately massacred or sold into slavery.

75. 3 percent of them are Jewish ( about 5, 865, 300 individuals ), 20. 5 percent are Arabs ( about 1, 597, 300 individuals ), while the remaining 4. 3 percent ( about 318, 200 individuals ) are defined as " others " ( family members of Jewish immigrants who are not registered at the Interior Ministry as Jews, non-Arab Christians, non-Arab Muslims and residents who do not have a religious classification ).

Though by this time opposition to images was strongly entrenched in Judaism and Islam, attribution of the impetus toward an iconoclastic movement in Eastern Orthodoxy to Muslims or Jews " seems to have been highly exaggerated, both by contemporaries and by modern scholars ".

Generally, the Inquisition movement was concerned only with the heretical behaviour of Catholic adherents or converts, and did not concern itself with those outside its jurisdiction, such as Jews or Muslims.

As fellow monotheists, Muslims view Jews as " people of the book ", a term that Jews have subsequently adopted as a way of describing their own connection to the Torah and other holy texts.

As the Ottoman Empire further fragmented during the Balkan Wars, much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly the Balkan Muslims, flocked to Anatolia and were resettled in various locations, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.

* In 1990 12 soldiers were sent to Trinidad after a failed coup attempt by radical Black Muslims against the constitutionally elected government headed by Prime Minister A. N. R.

In some cases, however, people that were conquered by the Muslims would rebel and revert to prior forms of worship.

The Muslims and Christians were organized into separate communities, each having its own leader ; five leaders represented the village in the mid-16th century, three of whom were Muslims.

The first group of Ottomans who entered the city were killed almost immediately, with the effect that the other Muslims began to retreat.

The Muslims were not aware, at that time, of the true strength of the Franks, or the fact that they were building a disciplined army instead of the typical barbarian hordes that had dominated Europe after Rome's fall.

In 1939 Muslim leaders Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Ma Fuliang were sent by Chiang to several Middle eastern countries, including Egypt, Turkey, and Syria, to gain support for the Chinese War against Japan, and to express his support for Muslims.

Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used by Muslims in the Kuomintang-controlled Muslim publication, the Yuehua, to justify Chiang Kai-shek's rule over China.

ROC flags were saluted by Muslims in Ningxia during prayer along with exhortations to nationalism during Chiang's rule.

Shi ' a Muslims believe that Ali, the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, should have replaced Muhammad as Caliph and that Caliphs were to assume authority through appointment by God rather than being chosen by the people.

Cases were taken out against Muslims, against other dhimmis and even against members of the dhimmi ’ s own family.

Oaths sworn by dhimmis in the Muslim courts were sometimes the same as the oaths taken by Muslims, sometimes tailored to the dhimmis ’ beliefs.

After India was invaded by the Mongol Khans and Turkic Muslims, the rulers of their major states on the subcontinent were titled Sultān, In this manner, the only empress-regnant ever to have actually sat on the throne of Delhi was Razia Sultan.

Greek medicine was part of Greek culture, and Syrian Eastern Christians came in contact with it while the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantium ) ruled Syria and Western Mesopotamia, regions that were conquered from Byzantium in the 7th century by Arab Muslims.

), these verses had previously endorsed them as intercessors for Muslims, but were abrogated.

A series of religiously-motivated military expeditions originally intended to liberate the Levant from Muslims, several Crusader States were founded in the eastern Mediterranean.

Tariq's commander, Musa bin Nusair, quickly crossed with reinforcements, and by 718 the Muslims were in control of nearly the whole Iberian Peninsula.

They are issued in response to questions by ordinary Muslims, and go unnoticed by those not concerned, while the much smaller number of fatwā issued on controversial subjects, such as war, jihad, and dhimmis ( particularly by extremist preachers ), sometimes get wide coverage in the media because of their political content ( see examples below ).

The term fatwā is sometimes used by some Muslims to mean to " give permission " to do a certain act that might be illegal under Islamic law ; other Muslims view this to be incorrect.

Nevertheless, Muslim writers sometimes note those elements of the Gospel of Baranabas that stand in accord with standard Qur ' anic teaching, such as the denial of Jesus as being Son of God and the prophetic prediction by Jesus of the coming Messenger of God and, consequently, some Muslims are inclined to regard these specific elements as representing the survival of suppressed early Jesus traditions much more compatible with Islam.

The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims ( mujahideen ) against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight jihad.

The crusaders and their descendants often learned to speak Greek, Arabic, and other eastern languages, and intermarried with the native Christians ( whether Greek, Syrian, or Armenian ) and sometimes with converted Muslims.

The surname Mǎ ( 馬 ), is a common family name for Chinese Muslims, and is sometimes said to derive from the name Fatima.

Slavic-speaking Muslims, sometimes referred to as " Pomaks ", live also in the Albanian region of Golo Brdo.

Even today it is sometimes written in Arabi Malayalam, a variant form of the Arabic script, mainly by Muslims in Singapore and Malaysia.

The restrictions on dhimmis included: payment of higher taxes ; at some locations, being forced to wear clothing or some othe insignia distinguishing them from Muslims ; sometimes barred from holding public office, bearing arms or riding a horse ; disqualified as witnesses in litigation involving Muslims ; at some locations and times, dhimmis were prevented from repairing existing or erecting new places of worship.

Muslims claim to have introduced the idea of carrying capacity, and clearly sometimes did limit the number of families in any given town.

In the Qur ' an, širk and the related word ( plural Stem IV active participle ) mušrikūn ( مشركون ) " those who commit shirk and plot against Islam " often clearly refers to the enemies of Islam ( as in verse 9. 1 – 15 ) but sometimes it also refers to erring Muslims.

" In the early 1950s, the custom was still observed in Iran and some remote communities in Kurdistan where young Muslims would sometimes join in.

It is also sometimes used to distinguish between the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam ( Lahore-based ) and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community ( Qadian-based ) branches of the Ahmadiyya, primarily by the Lahoris and other Muslims.

( In the West, many Sikhs who wear pagri are sometimes mistaken for Muslims or Arabs .).

However, private religious observance, which does not involve Muslims or offend public order or morality are sometimes tolerated.

* Muslims living in Western countries, especially during periods of heightened tensions, such as after September 11, 2001, or during the Danish Cartoon Controversy of 2005 – 2006, are sometimes accused of being more loyal to the Muslim ummah than to their country.

Muslims also celebrated traditional Christian holidays sometimes with the sponsorship of their leaders, despite the fact that such fraternisation was generally opposed by the Ulema.

In the 19th and 20th century a common theme has been resistance to Western imperialism, particularly the British Empire, and sometimes the perceived racist policies that discriminated against some Muslims.

This has led Muslims and the opponents of these initiatives ( in the peace movement ) to characterize it sometimes as actually a War on Islam.