* 1796 – The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, the King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.

* 1855 – Visit of Napoleon III to Guildhall, London

Remitted by Abdülaziz to Napoleon III in 1862.

In 1869, Abdülaziz received visits from Eugénie de Montijo, Empress consort of Napoleon III of France and other foreign monarchs on their way to the opening of the Suez Canal.

Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a " modern " capital that would make France proud.

Between the years 1852 and 1870 there was a Second French Empire, again a member of the Bonaparte dynasty would rule ; Napoleon III of France the son of Louis Bonaparte.

* Napoleon III ( 1852 – 1870 )

In 1870, in the war against the Prussians, Napoleon III ordered one million cans of beef to feed his troops.

Therefore Johnston created a product known as ' Johnston's Fluid Beef ,' later called Bovril, to meet the needs of the French people and Napoleon III.

On November 17, 1858, Emperor Napoleon III annexed Clipperton as part of the French colony of Tahiti.

In 1863 almost all of the group ’ s paintings were rejected by the Salon, and French Emperor Napoleon III instead decided to place their paintings in a separate exhibit hall, the Salon des Refusés.

* 1852 – Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French ( Napoleon III ).

( The name Kettner in the title refers to Auguste Kettner, former chef to Napoleon III, who emigrated to England and in 1867 opened a restaurant in Soho – Kettner's – one of the oldest restaurants in London.

Napoleon I's nephew, Napoleon III, resurrected the title of emperor on 2 December 1852, after establishing the Second French Empire in a presidential coup, subsequently approved by a plebiscite.

Napoleon III was deposed on 4 September 1870, after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

In 1863, the invading French, under Napoleon III ( see above ), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and nobility, helped create the Second Mexican Empire, and invited Archduke Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, younger brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef I, to become emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.

With the swift German advance and the capture of Emperor Napoleon III, France was no longer in a position to protect the Pope's rule in Rome.

Furthermore, it has been established that a substantial portion of it was taken, without citation, from a 1864 satire on Napoleon III by one Maurice Joly ( his French language work, The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu )-so that it also constitutes plagiarism.

According to French law, the Foreign Legion was not to be used within Metropolitan France except in the case of a national invasion, and was consequently not a part of Napoleon III ’ s Imperial Army that capitulated at Sedan.

In the 1850s, Molinari fled to Belgium to escape threats from France's Emperor Napoleon III.

Thus, on 2 December 1851, shortly before the end of his single three-year term in office was to expire, Louis Bonaparte staged a coup against the Second Republic in France, disbanded the elected Constituent Assembly, arrested some of the Republican leaders and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of France.

Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and the French under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III of France.

Napoleon was largely defeated in the Battle of the Nations outside Leipzig in October 1813, and was overwhelmed by much larger armies during the Six Days Campaign ( February 1814 ), although, the Six Days Campaign is often considered a tactical masterpiece because the allies suffered much higher casualties.

Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but, once pitted against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the weakness of Tsar Nicholas ' regime.

At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt in 1806 the Prussian – Saxon troops suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Napoleon.

The national mood was soon depressed by news of successive reverses ; at Sedan on 2 September the French armies suffered an overwhelming defeat ; Napoleon was captured and deposed, and the Second Empire came to a sudden end.

It suffered much from the ravages of the Thirty Years ' War, but the episcopal palace, then destroyed, was subsequently rebuilt, and in 1852 was converted by Louis Napoleon into a place of residence for widows of knights of the Legion of Honour.

This allowed the Austrians to continue the war but, towards the end of May, Napoleon abruptly resumed the offensive and suffered a tactical defeat at the Battle of Aspern-Essling.

Napoleon had suffered the first significant defeat of his career.

In the euphoria of victory Foch was regularly compared to Napoleon and Caesar ; postwar historians took a less sanguine view of Foch's talents as commander, particularly as that idea took root that his military doctrines had set the stage for the futile and costly offensives of 1914 in which French armies suffered devastating losses.

* Napoleon Bonaparte's army suffered heavy losses ( about 36, 000 ) when crossing the Berezina in November 1812 during his retreat from Russia ( see Battle of Berezina ).

In the first battle, Lützen or Gross-Görschen ( 2 May 1813 ), Prussia suffered defeat, but a very different defeat from those Napoleon had hitherto customarily inflicted.

In the two centuries from the Thirty Years ' War to the final defeat of Napoleon, the German inhabitants of these lands suffered from repeated major and minor French invasions.

Following an accident suffered by Lord Harrowby, Mulgrave took his place as Foreign Secretary, in which position he helped Pitt to form the Third Coalition against Napoleon.

Having lost more than 20 million in the war, suffered German and Nazi German invasion, and suffered tens of millions of casualties due to onslaughts from the West three times in the preceding 150 years, first with Napoleon I, the Stalin was determined to destroy Germany's capacity for another war by keeping it under tight control.

In 1805, an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich ( which at this time was only a powerless confederation ) by motivating or pressing several German dukes and grand-dukes to enter the separate Confederation of the Rhine with their lands in July.

After the abdication of Louis Napoleon Bilderdijk suffered great poverty ; on the accession of William I of the Netherlands in 1813 he hoped to be made a professor, but was disappointed and became a history tutor at Leiden.

Based on such analysis, he rejected the hypothesis that Napoleon had been poisoned with arsenic, but he concluded that Beethoven had suffered from lead poisoning.

The Lobau was the site of the Battle of Aspern-Essling in 1809, the first major defeat suffered by Napoléon, which was inflicted on him by an Austrian army led by Archduke Charles, and of the Battle of Wagram, a victory for Napoleon that followed two months later.

The French suffered greater losses in manpower in southern France, as Napoleon diverted many southern forces to bolster his troops facing the Coalition armies invading northern and eastern France after an allied victory at Leipzig in October, 1813.

Here he could claim to have inflicted the first reverse suffered by Napoleon, but six months later Bennigsen met with the crushing defeat of Friedland ( 14 June 1807 ) the direct consequence of which was the treaty of Tilsit.

Again, in 1815, following the return of King Louis XVIII of France to power, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or of Napoleon suffered arrest and execution.

Wrede suffered 9, 000 casualties, Napoleon suffered much fewer, but some 10, 000 French stragglers became Allied Prisoners of war between 28 and 31 October.

Shortly after that, Napoleon suffered his first large defeat at Aspern, nearby.