There is no agreement on when and where this Urheimat existed, though the language is generally believed to have originated somewhere in or near the region stretching from the Levant / Near East to the area between the Eastern Sahara and the Horn of Africa, including Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan.

Category: Near Eastern countries

Octavian made another bold move in 44 BC when without official permission he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's Near Eastern province

which left Amasis with no major Near Eastern allies to counter Persia's increasing military might.

From the Medieval Arabic king lists of both African states, allegedly copied from earlier lists in ancient Near Eastern languages it appears that the state founders claimed to be deportees of the Assyrian empire who had fled from Syria and Samaria after the defeat of the Egyptian-Assyrian army at Carchemish in 605 BCE.

Critics do, however, acknowledge that the author of Daniel was familiar with the history of Near Eastern imperial power from the sixth to the second centuries.

While these and other ancient Near Eastern texts consider comparable issues, scholars have not found their direct antecedent.

Yet, as Lemke and O ’ Connor point out, The Book of Lamentations, while adapting several traditional literary, historical, and cultural Near Eastern elements, is a unique literary composition, scripted to a specific historical situation, in response to an historical catastrophe, addressing the survivors of this catastrophe in a distinctive religious context.

The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from the widow of Claudius James Rich.

By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of Robert Smirke's Classical and Near Eastern galleries.

However, the collapse of the Near Eastern trading system pointed to a flaw: in an era where there was no place that was safe to store value, the value of a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store.

The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts.

North Africa and the Nile Valley imported its iron technology from the Near East and followed Near Eastern course of Bronze Age and Iron Age development.

As an example, McGinn cites the apocalypse in the Book of Daniel, which he sees as a record of historical events presented as a prophecy of future events and expressed in terms of " mythic structures ", with " the Hellenistic kingdom figured as a terrifying monster that cannot but recall Near Eastern pagan myth of the dragon of chaos ".

Some scholars have argued that the calm, orderly, monotheistic creation story in Genesis 1 can be interpreted as a reaction against the creation myths of other Near Eastern cultures.

Many Near Eastern religions include a story about a battle between a divine being and a dragon or other monster representing chaos — a theme found, for example, in the Enuma Elish.

The most recent study on the ante-Aesopic fables or the fables in ancient Near Eastern languages by Akimoto discovers the rich fable traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Anatolia ; for example, the Ninurta-uballitsu Assyrian fable collection which is the oldest known fable collection with the compiler's autograph and the completion date 883 BCE, the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual fable collections are embedded in a long myth and the storyteller tells after each fable his / her own moral.

Ben E. Perry ( compiler of the " Perry Index " of Aesop's fables ) has argued controversially that some of the Buddhist Jataka tales and some of the fables in the Panchatantra may have been influenced by similar Greek and Near Eastern ones.

In the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts it is revealed the ancient Egyptians believed Nun ( the Ocean ) was a circular body surrounding nbwt ( a term meaning " dry lands " or " Islands ") and therefore believed in a similar Ancient Near Eastern circular earth cosmography surrounded by water.

* Koine Greek: The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with Attic, the dialect of Athens, resulted in the creation of the first common Greek dialect, which became a lingua franca across Eastern Mediterranean and Near East.

* Burkert, Walter, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, 1998

The language of the Hattusa tablets was eventually deciphered by a Czech linguist, Bedřich Hrozný ( 1879 – 1952 ), who on 24 November 1915 announced his results in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin.

The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I, like many Ancient Near Eastern religions, was based on the cult of the ancestors and the worship of family gods ( the " gods of the fathers ").

* Ancient Near Eastern religion, Egyptian mythology

* Lönnqvist, Minna ( 2008 ) " Kathleen M. Kenyon 1906-1978, A hundred years after her birth, The formative years of a female archaeologist: From socio-politics to the stratigraphical method and the radiocarbon revolution in archaeology ," in Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3 – 8, 2006, ed.

Several researchers include the island of Cyprus in Levantine studies, including the Council for British Research in the Levant, the UCLA Near Eastern Languages and Cultures department, and the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the last of which has dated the connection between Cyprus and mainland Levant to the early Iron Age.

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East ( ed.

“ The Archaeology of Roman Palestine .” Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol.

“ The Byzantine Period: An Empire ’ s New Holy Land .” Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol.

Binford withdrew from the theoretical debates that followed the rapid adoption of New Archaeology ( by then also called processual archaeology ) in the 1960s and 70s, instead focusing on his work on the Mousterian, a Middle Palaeolithic lithic industry found in Europe, North Africa and the Near East.

“ Petrie ’ s Head: Eugenics and Near Eastern Archaeology ”, in Alice B. Kehoe and Mary Beth Emmerichs, Assembling the Past ( Albuquerque, NM, 1999 ).

Carpenter Library also houses the College's renowned collections in Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology, History of Art and Classics.

Lawrence E. " Larry " Stager ( born January 5, 1943 ) is Dorot Professor of the Archaeology of Israel in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University and is Director of the Harvard Semitic Museum.

" Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol.

" Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol.

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East.

* N. Lapp, Tel el-Ful, Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East ( 1997 ).

Category: Archaeology of the Near East

Near Eastern Archaeology ( sometimes known as Middle Eastern archaeology ) is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of archeology.

These include the American Schools of Oriental Research which publishes the journal Near Eastern Archaeology Magazine and the Council for British Research in the Levant, which publishes the journal Levant.

* Near Eastern Archaeology Magazine

John Basil Hennessy AO ( born 10 February 1925 ), is an Australian archaeologist of the Ancient Near East and Emeritus Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology at the University of Sydney.

He is also a member of the following: Council of the International Union of Egyptologists ; Scientific Committee of the International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East ; Visiting Committee of the Egyptian Department of the Metropolitan Museum of New York.

He was Professor of Archaeology and History of Art of the Ancient Near East in the University of Rome La Sapienza ; he has been Director of the Ebla Expedition since 1963 — in fact, its discoverer — and has published many articles and books about Ebla and about the History of Art of Mesopotamia and Syria in general.

* London, G. 2000 Ethnoarchaeology and interpretation, in Near Eastern Archaeology 63: 2-8.

Archaeology in the Middle East began with the study of the ancient Near East by Muslim historians in the medieval Islamic world who developed an interest in learning about pre-Islamic cultures.