Nominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals, which dates back at least to Plato, and is opposed to realism — the view that universals do exist over and above particulars.

Nominalism is a metaphysical view in philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist, while universals or abstract objects, which are sometimes thought to correspond to these terms, do not exist.

Nominalism denies the existence of universals.

Nominalism and conceptualism are the main forms of anti-realism about universals.

Intermediate between Nominalism and Realism, the conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside of the mind's perception of them.

According to Realism, and in contrast to Nominalism, things such as " green " and " big " were known as universals, which had a real existence in an abstract realm, as described by Plato.

* Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism ( 2004 )

Nominalism is older than Scotus, but its revival in Occamism may be traced to the one-sided exaggeration of some propositions of Scotus.

# In the Middle Ages Roscellin of Compiegne, the founder of Nominalism, who argued like Philoponus that unless the Three Persons are tres res, the whole Trinity must have been incarnate, was refuted by St. Anselm.

Not less sharp was the separation over Nominalism and Realism.

Nominalism has been endorsed or defended by many, including William of Ockham, Peter Abelard, D. C. Williams ( 1953 ), David Lewis ( 1983 ), and arguably H. H. Price ( 1953 ) and W. V. O. Quine ( 1961 ).

Nominalism was first formulated as a philosophical theory in the Middle Ages.

" Logical Atomism, Nominalism, and Modal Logic ", Synthese.

" Nominalism in Metaphysics ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta ( ed .).

" Nominalism in Metaphysics ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta ( ed .).

* Richard Utz and Terry Barakat, " Medieval Nominalism and the Literary Questions: Selected Studies.

* Langer, Ullrich, " Charity and the Singular: The Object of Love in Rabelais ," in: Nominalism and Literary Discourse, ed.

* Gerald Seaman, " Signs of a New Literary Paradigm: The ' Christian ' Figures in Chrétien de Troyes ," in: Nominalism and Literary Discourse, ed.

Heiko Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001.

* Maurice De Wulf: " Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism.

American Millennialism and Adventism, which arose from Evangelical Protestantism, influenced the Jehovah's Witnesses movement ( with 7 million members ), and, as a reaction specifically to William Miller, the Seventh-day Adventists.

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns.

The unequivocal monotheism of Islam ( often described as the foundation of the religion and its most fundamental article of faith ) arose as a reaction to this belief system.

This form of nationalism arose in reaction to dynastic or imperial hegemony, which assessed the legitimacy of the state from the " top down ", emanating from a monarch or other authority, which justified its existence.

However, some scholars believe the Tao Te Ching arose as a reaction to Confucianism.

Liberation theology arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region.

The modern origins of urban planning lie in the movement for urban reform that arose as a reaction against the disorder of the industrial city in the mid-19th century.

Between 1896 and 1908, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered around German folk music.

It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region.

Opera buffa was a parallel development to opera seria and arose in reaction to the so-called first reform of Zeno and Metastasio.

Public reaction arose in outrage against the Cheyenne.

It has also been suggested that the prevalence of arranged marriages required other outlets for the expression of more personal occurrences of romantic love, and thus it was not in reaction to the prudery or patriarchy of the Church but to the nuptial customs of the era that courtly love arose.

This difference of emphasis arose in reaction to the historical events of the Sabbatean heresy in the 17th Century, that suppressed widespead study of Kabbalah in Europe in favour of the strength of Rabbinic Talmudic study.

At some point the Fennoman movement arose, that thought that the country should be a united nation, with only one language, and, as a reaction, the Svecoman movement, that was afraid that abandoning Swedish would lead to slavicisation or worse.

While the origins of the danza are murky, it probably arose around 1840 as a sort of reaction against the highly codified contradanza and was strongly influenced by Cuban immigrants and their habanera music.

In reaction to the warlordism prevalent in the country, and the lack of Pashtun representation in the Kabul government, a movement arose called the Taliban.

The Donghak movement arose as a reaction to Western encroachment, and called for a return to the " Way of Heaven ".

Initially, the push toward reconciliation arose as a reaction to racially charged incidents that happened in the 2002-2003 school year.

The theory arose as a reaction to modernization theory, an earlier theory of development which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that today's underdeveloped areas are thus in a similar situation to that of today's developed areas at some time in the past, and that therefore the task in helping the underdeveloped areas out of poverty is to accelerate them along this supposed common path of development, by various means such as investment, technology transfers, and closer integration into the world market.

As sociology arose primarily as a reaction to capitalist modernity, economics played a role in much classic sociological inquiry.

The Svecoman ( Swedish Svekoman ) movement was a Swedish nationalist movement that arose in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the end of the 19th century chiefly as a reaction to the demands for increased use of Finnish vigorously presented by the Fennoman movement.

Communism arose as a reaction to a distribution of wealth in which a few lived in luxury while the masses lived in extreme poverty.

Dhurringile is significant as an early demonstration of the rise of the red face brick aesthetic which arose as a reaction to the predominant use of stucco in the previous decades.

There are also Sufi philosophies which arose as a reaction to theoretical perspectives some scholars.