Although psychologists and physiologists have rejected the relevance of this theory to film viewership, film academics and theorists generally have not.

Many theorists who have been called " post-structuralist " have rejected the label.

Therefore these arguments held that a group of people can join a government because it has the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a single voice in the absence of sovereign authority — a notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists.

Postmodern theorists rejected modernist claims that there was one theoretical approach that explained all aspects of society.

Later conciliar theorists like Jacques Almain rejected Marsilius argument to that effect, preferring more traditional clericalism modified to be more constitutional and democratic in emphasis.

Earlier theorists like Adam Smith rejected any monopoly power on this basis.

In the mid-1960s, Thompson wrote an essay for the annual Socialist Register that rejected Anderson's view of aristocratic dominance of Britain's historical trajectory, as well as Anderson's seeming preference for continental European theorists over radical British traditions and empiricism.

These Maoist theorists used the recurrent patterns of peasant revolts, which have occurred throughout Chinese history, as evidence that the common people had consistently rejected both feudalism and the Confucian ideology that supported it.

In an address to a conference of law officers in August 2001 ( seven months after the PA 103 verdict ) the Scottish Lord Advocate, Lord Boyd, rejected any suggestion that Libya had been framed and denied that this was a politically driven prosecution, instead blaming conspiracy theorists for such allegations:

Indeed, despite everything, the majority of natural-law theorists have accepted the idea of enforcing the prevailing morality as a primary function of the law.

Such theorists find narrative ( or, following Nietzsche and Foucault, genealogy ) to be a helpful tool for understanding ethics because narrative is always about particular lived experiences in all their complexity rather than the assignment of an idea or norm to separate and individuated actions.

While many of the root meanings for the idea of a " general systems theory " might have been lost in the translation and many were led to believe that the systems theorists had articulated nothing but a pseudoscience, systems theory became a nomenclature that early investigators used to describe the interdependence of relationships in organization by defining a new way of thinking about science and scientific paradigms.

The idea rose to notability in modern linguistics with theorists such as Noam Chomsky and Richard Montague, developed in the 1950s to 1970s, as part of the " Linguistics Wars ".

Jevons and the Marginal Utility theorists had elaborated a theory of value based on the idea of maximizing utility, holding that value depends on demand.

However, Schoenberg and other theorists who used his ideas as a point of departure see the theme and variations as having an underlying role in the construction of formal music, calling the process continuing variation, and argue from this idea that the sonata-allegro form is a means of structuring the continuing variation process.

A number of writers and theorists have extrapolated upon this idea.

Conservative and right-wing groups such as the John Birch Society and right wing conspiracy theorists such as Alex Jones also regularly tout this idea.

The concept is attributed to the economist Herman Daly, though other theorists can also be credited for the incipient idea.

John Kleinig, professor of Philosophy at City University of New York, observes that over the years the idea has been treated by creative writers from Aeschylus through John Galsworthy to Joseph Conrad, by psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, scholars of religion, political economists, scholars of business and marketing, and — most particularly — by political theorists, who deal with it in terms of loyalty oaths and patriotism.

In the early 20th century, when molecular biology was in its infancy, developmental biology in particular still presented mysteries that made the idea of a specific life energy respectable, as was articulated by theorists such as Hans Driesch.

Postmodernist theorists posit that the idea of art movements are no longer as applicable, or no longer as discernible, as the notion of art movements had been before the postmodern era.

Contrary to orthodox Marxist praxis, which solely seeks to implement an unchangeable and narrow idea of " communism " into practice, critical theorists held that praxis and theory, following the dialectical method, should be interdependent and should mutually influence each other.

The theorists against McLuhan's idea, also believe that he lacked the scientific evidence to support his claims. Raymond Rosenthal said, “ McLuhan ’ s books are not scientific in any respect ; they are wrapped however in the dark, mysterious folds of the scientific ideology.

The intellectual origins of the idea can be traced back to the work of early social theorists such as Georg Simmel who analyzed the effect of modernization and industrial capitalism on complex patterns of affiliation, organization, production and experience.

Still, regardless of the nuances, the overall idea is to give children from less fortunate backgrounds more of a chance, or to achieve at the beginning what some theorists call equality of condition.

Some theorists have posed a level playing field conception of equality of opportunity, similar in many respects to the substantive principle, ( although it has been used in different contexts to describe formal equality of opportunity ) and it is a core idea regarding the subject of distributive justice espoused by John Roemer and Ronald Dworkin and others.

At the same time, befitting the central idea of Romantic science and medicine of dynamic polarity, it was also the physiological functional identity of what Romantic theorists of society or mind called " aspiration.

: Kant, like other theorists of the Romantic era, came to rely on Blumenbach's biological concept of formative power in developing his idea of organic purpose.

Richthofen was pleased with his idea, and the knowledge the " Flak " theorists in Berlin were not happy about using air defence artillery in the ground battle.

Some educational theorists have drawn from the idea of mental imagery in their studies of learning styles.

Religious studies scholar Richard T. Hughes argues that " New World Order " rhetoric libels the Christian faith since the " New World Order ", as defined by Christian conspiracy theorists, has no basis in the Bible whatsoever and that, in fact, this idea is not only unbiblical ; it is anti-biblical and fundamentally anti-Christian because, by misinterpreting key passages in the Book of Revelation, it turns a comforting message about the coming kingdom of God into one of fear, panic and despair in the face of an allegedly approaching one-world government.

Domhoff notes that most conspiracy theorists changed their focus to the United Nations as the likely controlling force in a New World Order, an idea which is undermined by the powerlessness of the U. N. and the unwillingness of even moderates within the American Establishment to give it anything but a limited role.

Judith Butler is one of the most well-known theorists regarding the idea that gender is something that is performed by individuals.

Traditionally, this was interpreted as a method of putting the subject into a " hypnotic trance "; however, subsequent " nonstate " theorists have viewed it differently, as a means of heightening client expectation, defining their role, focusing attention, etc.

State theorists interpret the effects of hypnotism as due primarily to a specific, abnormal, and uniform psychological or physiological state of some description, often referred to as " hypnotic trance " or an " altered state of consciousness.

Building on the theories of Ernest Hilgard ( 1986, 1992 ) that hypnosis is an altered state of awareness, some theorists hold that the consciousness can develop hypnotic dissociation.

Renaissance architectural theorists took his hints, to interpret the Ionic Order as matronly in comparison to the Doric Order, though not as wholly feminine as the Corinthian order.

Unfortunately, from the classical standpoint investigative work is viewed upon as having difficulty to interpret ; data with no end product isolating power and then man, as either in a position of interpretation by the classical theorists as the final conclusion or man having anthropological characteristics with ancient relic features borrowed from the Pleistocene era which have never altered with additional evolutionary, cultural and biological salient features rather than having a real historical and social character involved. Or to investigate critically this power, with man and his involvement with his interactions with the environment making it impossible to have any rigorous explanation or conclusions. Political systems, or knowledge systems in general, from the classical perspective, become too large to be comprehended interpreting the environment of man as an anachronism ; information and data produced surrounding man as poorly understood viewing historical information as having no, or absence of history. Obviously from the classical point of view, modern research methods ( all from " Social sciences, Sociology, Humanities ") cannot be used to penetrate observation leaving gaps in our knowledge and an accepted taken for granted approach to any analysis. Foucault views this as the exact opposite of rational analysis, with its operations ( power ) as nothing more than a series of contingencies and networks.

After their vitriolic denunciations of Confucianism, radical theorists attempted to interpret all of Chinese history as a long episode of conflict between the forces of Confucianism and Legalism, and attempted to identify themselves as modern Legalists.

This diversity in organisms that show parental origin effects has prompted theorists to place the evolutionary origin of genomic imprinting before the last common ancestor of plants and animals, over a billion years ago.

) Furthermore, many theorists agree that even the Standard Model should really be regarded as an effective field theory as well, with " nonrenormalizable " interactions suppressed by large energy scales and whose effects have consequently not been observed experimentally.

Classical, seminal sociological theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century such as Durkheim, Weber, and Marx were greatly interested in religion and its effects on society.

On the other hand, Peter Corning argues " Must the synergies be perceived / observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim?

Among other things, these effects would include the quantum counterpart of the electromagnetic back-reaction that so vexed classical theorists of electromagnetism.

Cultural theorists including Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, Neil Postman, Henry Giroux, and Pierre Bourdieu invoke these effects as evidence that commercial television is an especially pernicious contributor to the dumbing-down of communications.

In fact theorists and researchers long ago understood that genetic effects cannot be studied in isolation of the environment and that all measurements of such effects are only relative to stable external conditions.

However, Müller's teachings had long-term effects in that they were taken up again by 20th century theorists of corporatism and the corporate state, for example Othmar Spann ( Der wahre Staat.

With regards to the studies that found similar effects, TMT theorists have argued that in the previously mentioned studies where death was not the subject thought about, the subjects would quite easily be related to death in an individual ’ s mind due to " linguistic or experiential connection with mortality ".( p.