In this sense, both Marxist and liberal IPE scholars protested against the reliance of Western social science on the territorial state as a unit of analysis, and stressed the international system.

Most Chinese history that is published in the People's Republic of China is based on a Marxist interpretation of history.

From the beginning of Communist rule in 1949, until the 1980s, when China was in the early years of economic reform, the focus was largely on peasant life, as interpreted via the officially sanctioned Marxist theory of class struggle.

At FU-Berlin, critical psychology was not really seen as a division of psychology and followed its own methodology, trying to reformulate traditional psychology on an unorthodox Marxist base and drawing from Soviet ideas of cultural – historical psychology, particularly Aleksey Leontyev.

The 20th century saw a remarkable expansion and evolution of critical theory, following on earlier Marxist Theory efforts to locate individuals within larger structural frameworks of ideology and action.

They received considerable support from Minister of Defense Gustav Noske, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, who used them to crush the German Revolution of 1918 – 1919 and the Marxist Spartacist League and arrest Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who were killed on 15 January 1919.

Among his collaborators on the magazine ’ s editorial board were the future director Ettore Scola, Marxist theorist and scriptwriter Cesare Zavattini, and Bernardino Zapponi, a future Fellini screenwriter.

In the 1960s the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco () theory of revolution in his book Guerrilla Warfare, based on his experiences during the 1959 Cuban Revolution.

More influentially, radical geography emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, drawing heavily on Marxist theory and techniques, and is associated with geographers such as David Harvey and Richard Peet.

Human beings collectively work on nature but do not do the same work ; there is a division of labor in which people not only do different jobs, but according to Marxist theory, some people live from the work of others by owning the means of production.

Just as Marx used to say, commenting on the French " Marxists " of the late 70s: " All I know is that I am not a Marxist.

The Soviet orthodox Marxist tradition, influential for half a century, based itself on Joseph Stalin's pamphlet Dialectical and Historical Materialism and on textbooks issued by the " Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ".

* Paul Blackledge, Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History ( 2006 )

Outside the Presidential Palace in Kabul, a day after the Saur Revolution | Marxist revolution on April 28, 1978.

The day after the Marxist revolution on April 28, 1978.

It focuses on the colonial era before 1947 and typically emphasizes caste and downplays class, to the annoyance of the Marxist school.

Yet from then on, the yardstick of his economic thinking remained Marxist, adjusted, where necessary, to Indian conditions.

The later Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm remarked that " One cannot say Marx died a failure " because, although he had not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the leftist movements in Germany and Russia.

Lastly, the undue focus on the Marxist thought in the former Eastern Bloc, often forbidding social science arguments from outside the Marxist perspective, led to a backlash against Marxism after the revolutions of 1989.

As with the anarchists, they too saw the Bolshevik take-over of the soviets ( like that of the trade unions ) as subverting the revolution and beginning the restoration of domination and exploitation ... Over the years this emphasis on working class autonomy has resulted in a reinterpretation of Marxist theory that has brought out the two-sided character of the class struggle and shifted the focus from capital ( the preoccupation of orthodox Marxism ) to the workers ... As a result, not only has there been a recognition that capitalism seeks to subordinate everyone's life ( from the traditional factory proletariat to peasants, housewives and students ) but that all those peoples ' struggles involve both the resistance to this subordination and the effort to construct alternative ways of being.

The Autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics.

The Marxist social class theory of proletarian internationalism asserts that members of the working class should act in solidarity with working people in other countries in pursuit of a common class interest, rather than focusing on their own countries.

The divergence between the modernized classical views, on the one hand, and the historical and Marxist schools, on the other hand, is wider, so much so, indeed, as to bar out a consideration of the postulates of the latter under the same head of inquiry with the former.

Those focused on working conditions included Friedrich Engels, whose book The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 would inspire the Marxist movement named for his collaborator, Karl Marx.

Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 in which Marx espoused his theory of alienation, as opposed to his later works, which are considered to be concerned more with his structural conception of capitalist society.

The term " Marxist humanism " has as its foundation Marx's conception of the " alienation of the labourer " as he advanced it in his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 -- an alienation that is born of a capitalist system in which the worker no longer functions as ( what Marx termed ) a free being involved with free and associated labor.

* List of Washington University faculty and staff: economist and Nobel Memorial Prize winner Douglass North ; husband and wife biochemists and co-Nobel Prize winners Carl and Gerty Cori ; physicist and Nobel Prize winner Arthur Holly Compton ; novelists Stanley Elkin and William Gass ; poets Carl Phillips and Mary Jo Bang ; architect Fumihiko Maki ; neurologist and Nobel Prize winner Rita Levi-Montalcini ; sex researchers William Masters and Virginia Johnson ; Poets Laureate Howard Nemerov and Mona Van Duyn ; sociologist and " outlaw Marxist " Alvin Ward Gouldner ; attorney, former Counsel to Vice-President Al Gore and former Tennessee Attorney General Charles Burson ; writer and culture critic Gerald Early ; Economist, and former Chair of President Ronald Reagan's Council of Economic Advisors, Murray Weidenbaum ; chemist Joseph W. Kennedy, co-discoverer of the element plutonium ; computer scientist Jonathan S. Turner, internationally renowned expert in computer networking ; computer scientist Raj Jain, pioneer in the field of network congestion ; and Law Professor Troy A. Paredes, currently on leave as a commissioner of the SEC.

Apparently following this view, Ernest Mandel in his 1960 treatise Marxist Economic Theory refers to ( indirect ) taxes as " arbitrary additions to commodity prices ".

* Ernest Mandel, Marxist Economic Theory, Vol.

Marxist Economic Theory, Vols.

During the early seventies he briefly subscribed to Marxist ideology, and he headed Luis Echeverría's Center for Economic and Social Studies of the Third World during the mid-1970s.

Marxist Economic Theory.

* Ernest Mandel, Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory.

Matias Vernengo, a University of Utah economist, identifies two main streams in dependency theory: the Latin American Structuralist, typified by the work of Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Anibal Pinto at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America ( ECLAC, or, in Spanish, CEPAL ); and the American Marxist, developed by Paul A. Baran, Paul Sweezy, and Andre Gunder Frank.

Struve was also the most popular speaker at the Legal Marxist debates at the Free Economic Society in the late 1890s — early 1900s in spite of his often impenetrable-to-laymen arguments and unkempt appearance.

* Ernest Mandel, Marxist Economic Theory.

Laibman is the author of three books: Value, Technical Change and Crisis: Explorations in Marxist Economic Theory ( 1992 ), Capitalist Macrodynamics: A Systematic Introduction ( 1997 ), and Deep History: A Study in Social Evolution and Human Potential ( 2007 ).

* Ernest Mandel, Marxist Economic Theory, Vol.

As did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as " conflictual sciences "; that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:

* Ideological State Apparatus, a term used by Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser for how society reshapes the individual in its own image

* 1918 – Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher ( d. 1990 )

Thinkers most typically linked with Structuralism include anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, the early writings of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, the early writings of literary theorist Roland Barthes, and the semiotician Algirdas Greimas.

However, by the late 1960s, many of Structuralism's basic tenets came under attack from a new wave of predominantly French intellectuals such as the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, the philosopher and social commentator Jacques Derrida, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the literary critic Roland Barthes.

* October 19-Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher ( died 1990 )

* October 23 – Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher

In one exchange of polemics, he took on the French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser.

Jacques Rancière ( born Algiers, 1940 ) is a French philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris ( St. Denis ) who came to prominence when he co-authored Reading Capital ( 1968 ), with the structural Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser.

Étienne Balibar claimed that if one philosopher could be called a " Marxist philosopher ", that one would doubtlessly be Louis Althusser:

However, " Althusser never ceased to put in question the images of communism that Marxist theory and ideology carried on: but he did it in the name of communism itself.

This positivist reading, which mostly based itself on Engels ' latter writings in an attempt to theorize " scientific socialism " ( an expression coined by Engels ) has been challenged by Marxist theorists, such as Lukacs, Gramsci, Althusser or, more recently, Étienne Balibar.

However, this positivist reading, which mostly based itself on Engels ' latter writings in an attempt to theorize " scientific socialism " ( an expression coined by Engels ) has been challenged by Marxist theorists, such as Antonio Gramsci or Althusser.

As Marxism is essentially concerned with the historical process and the possibility of a revolution, that is of superating capitalism, Marxist philosophy, from Marx and Engels to Althusser passing by Lukács, etc., has discussed at lengths the problems of possible historical progress of philosophy and what would that mean.

The Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser imported the concept into Marxist politics in an influential essay, " Contradiction and Overdetermination ".

Subsequent Marxist accounts, such as that by Louis Althusser, proposed a more complex relationship that asserted the relative autonomy of cultural and political institutions, and a general determination by economic factors only " in the last instance ".

This process is first evident in his 1984 book The Media, which took inspiration the empirical perspective of the Marxist historian E. P. Thompson, especially his The Poverty of Theory, to make a highly critical review of the Marxist theories of Louis Althusser and Stuart Hall.

In addition to Foucault's influence on New Historicism, other philosophers such as French structuralist Marxist Louis Althusser and Marxists Raymond Williams and Terry Eagleton were also essential in shaping the theory of New Historicism.

In the 1970s, Poulantzas was known, along with Louis Althusser, as a leading Structural Marxist and, while at first a Leninist, eventually became a proponent of eurocommunism.

Interpellation is a concept in Marxist social and political theory associated in particular with the work of the philosopher Louis Althusser.

For Althusser, the essay “ is a profoundly ‘ ideological ’ text ”, “ committed to the struggle for Communism ”, but without being Marxist ; “ so it cannot, theoretically, be identified with the later texts which were to define historical materialism ”.

Structural Marxism was an approach to Marxist philosophy based on structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher Louis Althusser and his students.

The film also touches upon the rise of anti-humanist poststructuralism in French intellectual life by the mid-1960s, particularly the anti-empiricist ideas of the influential French Marxist, Louis Althusser.