1: Olfactory bulb 2: Mitral cell s 3: Bone 4: Nasal Epithelium 5: Glomerulus ( olfaction ) | Glomerulus 6: Olfactory receptor | Olfactory receptor cells

Olfactory neurons transduce receptor activation into electrical signals in neurons.

Image: Riechschleimhaut. svg | Composition of the Olfactory receptor neuron ( captions in German )

Olfactory receptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules.

# REDIRECT Olfactory receptor

# REDIRECT Olfactory receptor

# REDIRECT Olfactory receptor neuron

# REDIRECT Olfactory receptor

Olfactory mucosal cell types include bipolar neurons, supporting ( sustentacular ) cells, basal cells, and Bowman's glands.

Olfactory stem cells hold the potential for therapeutic applications and, in contrast to neural stem cells, can be harvested with ease without harm to the patient.

Olfactory ensheathing glia wrap bundles of these axons and are thought to facilitate their passage into the central nervous system.

Olfactory information, however, passes through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex ( piriform cortex ).

Image: Head olfactory nerve. jpg | Olfactory nerve

* Olfactory communication: Less obvious to humans ( except in a few cases ) is olfactory communication.

Olfactory adult stem cells have been successfully harvested from the human olfactory mucosa cells, which are found in the lining of the nose and are involved in the sense of smell.

Human Olfactory bulb s and Olfactory tracts outlined in red

# Olfactory bulb and tract

Olfactory hallucinations have also been reported in migraine, although the frequency of such hallucinations is unclear.

Olfactory receptors on the antennae bind to free-floating molecules, such as water vapour, and odours including pheromones.

Olfactory imagery represents a smell.

Eating disorders are also sometimes found in people with BDD, as are trichotillomania, dermatillomania, and sub-type disorders Olfactory Reference Syndrome and muscle dysmorphia.

( Zinc and Copper Influence Excitability of Rat Olfactory Bulb Neurons by Multiple Mechanisms | http :// jn. physiology. org / content / 86 / 4 / 1652. short )

Olfactory Area 1, or O1, is used for smell.

One quarter of the patients seeking professional advice on bad breath suffer from a highly exaggerated concern of having bad breath, known as halitophobia, delusional halitosis, or as a manifestation of Olfactory Reference Syndrome.

Image: Early Olfactory System. svg | Schema of the Early Olfactory System

* Olfaction: Olfactory cortex located in the uncus which is found along the ventral surface of the temporal lobe.

2009. Do Sharp-Tailed Grouse Select Loafing Sites to Avoid Visual or Olfactory Predators?

* Hasler AD and Scholtz AT ( 1978 ) " Olfactory imprinting and homing in salmon: Investigations into the mechanism of the imprinting process Pages 356_369 in Animal migration, navigation, and homing, Springer-Verlag.

* Bandoh H, Kida I, Ueda H ( 2010 ) " Olfactory Responses to Natal Stream Water in Sockeye Salmon by BOLD fMRI " PLoS ONE, 6 ( 1 ): e16051.

The cortex, such as visual cortex, auditory cortex, and sensorimotor cortex, can transfer the low level sensory modalities to high-level features through mapped sensory systems, such as visual system, auditory system, somatosensory system, gustatory system, and Olfactory system.

Olfactory Basis of Homing Behavior in the Giant Garden Slug, Limax maximus.

When blood flow is suppressed, glutamate is released from presynaptic neurons causing NMDA and AMPA receptor activation moreso than would normally be the case outside of stress conditions, leading to elevated Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > and Na < sup >+</ sup > entering the post synaptic neuron and cell damage.

There are a number of other receptor types that are called quickly-adapting or phasic receptors, where firing decreases or stops with steady stimulus ; examples include: skin when touched by an object causes the neurons to fire, but if the object maintains even pressure against the skin, the neurons stop firing.

How activating the 5-HT < sub > 2A </ sub > receptor leads to psychedelia is still unknown, but it likely somehow involves excitation of neurons in the prefrontal cortex.

After chronic use, neurons adapt to the change in biochemistry, resulting in a change in pre-and postsynaptic receptor density and second messenger function.

PGE2 acts on neurons in the preoptic area ( POA ) through the prostaglandin E receptor 3 ( EP3 ).

For instance, the olfactory glomeruli function as sorts of way-stations for the information flowing from the olfactory receptor neurons to the olfactory cortex.

In contrast, a permanent loss of smell may be caused by death of olfactory receptor neurons in the nose or by brain injury in which there is damage to the olfactory nerve or damage to brain areas that process smell ( see olfactory system ).

Another specific cause of permanent loss could be from damage to olfactory receptor neurons because of use of certain types of nasal spray ; i. e., those that cause vasoconstriction of the nasal microcirculation.

The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity.

It is unknown as to whether leptin can cross the blood – brain barrier to access receptor neurons, because the blood – brain barrier is attenuated in the area of the median eminence, close to where the NPY neurons of the arcuate nucleus are.

In response to leptin, receptor neurons have been shown to remodel themselves, changing the number and types of synapses that fire onto them.

The vomeronasal receptor neurons possess axons which travel from the VNO to the accessory olfactory bulb ( AOB ) or, as its also known, the vomeronasal bulb.

The receptor neurons possess apical microvilli, to which are localized the sensory receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors which are often referred to as pheromone receptors since vomeronasal receptors have been tied to detecting pheromones.

Among studies that use microanatomical methods, there is no reported evidence that human beings have active sensory neurons like those in working vomeronasal systems of other animals .< sup ></ sup > Furthermore, there is no evidence to date that suggests there are nerve and axon connections between any existing sensory receptor cells that may be in the adult human VNO and the brain.

It acts as a GABA agonist at GABA < sub > B </ sub > receptors in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in hyperpolarization of neurons expressing this receptor, most likely due to increased potassium ion conductance.

In addition, the receptor for the merocrine sweat glands are also cholinergic, since acetylcholine is released from post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons.

As a neural circuit, the glomerular layer receives direct input from olfactory nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa, a region of the nasal cavity.

The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor.

As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input ( axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium ), and one output ( mitral cell axons ).

By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the retina, many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time.

During development, the α < sub > 6 </ sub > β < sub > 2 </ sub > γ < sub > 2 </ sub > receptor increases in expression in cerebellar granule neurons, corresponding to increased sensitivity to furosemide.