* Heresy in Orthodox Judaism

The Books of the Bible are listed differently in the canons of Judaism and the Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Slavonic Orthodox, Coptic, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac, Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches, although there is substantial overlap.

Rather, it is sometimes employed by unaffiliated groups to indicate a range of beliefs and practices more liberal than is affirmed by the Orthodox, and more traditional than the more liberal Jewish denominations ( Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism ).

Working with this 1990s trend of diversity and institutional growth, Conservative Judaism remained the largest denomination in America, with 43 percent of Jewish households affiliated with a synagogue belonging to Conservative synagogues ( compared to 35 percent for Reform and 16 percent for Orthodox ).

The movement is supported by the Masorti Foundation for Conservative Judaism in Israel, an American organization that provides funding to Masorti programs, which are disadvantaged by the Israeli government's practice of funding only Orthodox institutions.

Concerning the degree of revelation of Torah, Conservative Judaism rejects the Orthodox position of a direct verbal revelation of the Torah.

They believe that the Orthodox Jewish movements, on the theological right, have erred by slowing down, or stopping, the historical development of Jewish law: " Conservative Judaism believes that scholarly study of Jewish texts indicates that Judaism has constantly been evolving to meet the needs of the Jewish people in varying circumstances, and that a central halakhic authority can continue the halakhic evolution today.

See also under Modern Orthodox Judaism.

Conservative Judaism accepts that the Orthodox approach to halakhah is generally valid.

Some Modern Orthodox leaders cooperate and work with the Conservative movement, while haredi (" Ultra-Orthodox ") Jews often eschew formal contact with Conservative Judaism, or at least its rabbinate.

* Orthodox Judaism

The three largest Jewish denominations — Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism — maintain the belief that the Jews have been chosen by God for a purpose.

Orthodox Judaism deliberately makes it very difficult to convert and become a Jew, and requires a significant and full-time effort in living, study, righteousness, and conduct over several years.

* Admiel Kosman, Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, Haaretz, Aug. 17, 2012.

Within Modern Orthodox Judaism, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the Rabbinical Council of America.

Orthodox Judaism holds that Halakha is the divine law as laid out in the Torah ( First five books of Moses ), rabbinical laws, rabbinical decrees and customs combined.

See Orthodox Judaism, Beliefs about Jewish law and tradition.

This is considered wrong, and even heretical, by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism.

The Roman Catholic Church recognizes as ecumenical various councils held later than the First Council of Ephesus ( after which churches out of communion with the Holy See because of the Nestorian Schism did not participate ), later than the Council of Chalcedon ( after which there was no participation by churches that rejected Dyophysitism ), later than the Second Council of Nicaea ( after which there was no participation by the Eastern Orthodox Church ), and later than the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( after which groups that adhered to Protestantism did not participate ).

The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria also recognizes John Chrysostom as a saint ( with feast days on 16 Thout and 17 Hathor ).

Following the Great Schism, Roman Catholicism sees and recognizes the Orthodox Sacraments as valid.

This excludes the Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, whom the Catholic Church recognizes as having validly ordained bishops.

The Eastern Orthodox Church recognizes him and his wife Pulcheria as saints, with their feast day on 17 February.

The Turkish state only recognizes the Patriarch as the spiritual leader of the Greek minority in Turkey, and officially refers to him as the " Greek Orthodox Patriarch of the Phanar " () ( Phanar is the neighbourhood in Istanbul where the patriarchate is located ).

The Assyrian Church of the East, which recognizes the Latrocinium or " Second Council of Ephesus " of 449 as an ecumenical council, has some similar views to the Eastern Orthodox regarding sacramental theology in chrismation.

The Constitution recognizes the special role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the country's history, but also stipulates the independence of the Church from the State.

Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople recognizes the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania.

The Constitution of Georgia recognizes the special role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the country's history, but also stipulates the independence of the Church from the State.

Eastern Orthodox tradition recognizes three degrees of prayer: ( 1 ) Ordinary oral prayer, as is practiced in church or at home ; ( 2 ) prayerful thoughts and feelings united with the mind and heart ; and ( 3 ) unceasing prayer, also known as ' Prayer of the Heart ':

These are not accepted as canonical by most mainstream Christian denominations ; only the Ethiopian Orthodox Church recognizes the Shepherd of Hermas, 1 Clement, Acts of Paul, and several Old Testament books that most other denominations reject, but it should be noted that this church does not adhere to an explicit canon.

The country also recognizes Orthodox Christmas as well as the traditional Persian festival of Nowruz.

Orthodox Jews, unlike most Christians, still practice a restrictive diet that has many rules.

Orthodox Judaism emphasizes practicing rules of Kashrut, Shabbat, Family Purity, and Tefilah ( Prayer ).

In Orthodox and Conservative communities, no work is performed on those days, with most of the rules relating to the observances of Shabbat being applied.

* The most common view, held by some Modern Orthodox authorities, and most Haredi Rabbis, rules that all women's prayer groups are absolutely forbidden by halakha ( Jewish law ).

Observance of these rules varies from aspirational to mandatory to routine across the spectrum of Orthodox stricture and observance.

In some Orthodox cultures, after the Vesperal Liturgy the family returns home to a festive meal, but one at which Orthodox fasting rules are still observed ; i. e., no meat or dairy products ( milk, cheese, eggs, etc.

Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils ( which deliberated in Greek ) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi / νόμοι ( laws ) rather than kanónes / κανόνες ( rules ), but almost all Orthodox conform to them.

After two months of increasing acrimony between the two, Zoe decided to search for a new husband, her third, and the last she was permitted according to the rules of the Orthodox Church, thereby denying Theodora the opportunity to increase her influence, stemming from her sister ’ s obvious talents for governing.

The Oriental Orthodox churches and the Assyrian Church of the East follow the same rules that hold in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with the exception of the Armenian Apostolic Church, which permits ordained deacons to marry.

Russia interpreted the treaty as giving them the right to protect Orthodox Christians in the Empire, notably using this prerogative in the Danubian Principalities ( Moldavia and Wallachia ) to intervene during the last Phanariote rules and after the Greek War of Independence.

In November 2009, Colson was a principal writer and driving force behind an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration calling on evangelicals, Catholics and Orthodox Christians not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.

Observance of these rules varies from aspirational to mandatory to routine across the spectrum of Orthodox stricture and observance.

These innovations met with resistance from both the clergy and the people, who disputed the legitimacy and correctness of these reforms, referring to theological traditions and Eastern Orthodox ecclesiastic rules.

She is a signatory of the Manhattan Declaration, a November 2009 ecumenical statement calling on Orthodox, Catholic, and Evangelical Christians not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.

In accordance with Orthodox rules concerning modesty, men and women are required to immerse in separate mikveh facilities in separate locations, or to use the mikveh at different designated times.

Only the Orthodox Church of Finland has adopted the Western calculation of the date of Pascha ( see computus ); all other Orthodox Churches, and a number of Eastern Catholic Churches, celebrate Pascha at the same time, according to the ancient rules.

These rules are held as authoritative by Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism.

Conservative Judaism takes a more lenient approach in application of the halakhic rules than Modern Orthodox Judaism.

This program provides a way to convert according to the rigorous rules of Halachah while making the process more “ user friendly ” for non-Jewish individuals seeking a more “ hands-on ” or “ modern Orthodox ” approach.