The following year, Constantine was again in England at Æthelstan's court, this time at Cirencester where he appears as a witness, appearing as the first of several subject kings, followed by Owain of Strathclyde and Hywel Dda, who subscribed to the diploma.

His siblings include Edern, a warrior who appears in a number of Arthurian texts, and Owain ap Nudd, who is mentioned briefly in Geraint and Enid.

It appears that he may have hoped to be reinforced by a Welsh force under the self-proclaimed Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndŵr.

Chrétien's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion and the related Mabinogion story Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain are devoted to his exploits, and he appears prominently in the Mabinogion tale The Dream of Rhonabwy and briefly in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.

Modron appears in Welsh Triad 70, in which her children by Urien, Owain and Morfydd, are called the " Three Blessed Womb-Burdens of the Island of Britain ," and a later folktale preserved in Peniarth MS 147 records the story behind these conceptions more fully.

Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd duly succeeded his father in 1170 and the realm was plunged immediately into a civil war that appears to have been a conflict between two rival factions ; one which was pro-Irish and seeking to ensure the succession of Hywel and protect the legacy of Owain Gwynedd and his father, and a second which seems to be an anti-Irish coalition and headed by Iorwerth Drwyndwn and Owain's widow, Cristin ferch Goronwy ab Owain.

In 1120 a minor border war between Llywarch ab Owain, lord of a commote in the Dyffryn Clwyd cantref, and Hywel ab Ithel, lord of Rhufoniog and Rhos brought Powys and Chester into conflict in the Perfeddwlad.

Gibbon points out a number of similarities between Siôn Cent and Glyndŵr ( including physical appearance, age, education, character ) and claims that Owain spent his last years living with Alys passing himself off as an aging Franciscan friar and family tutor.

He is also a character in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and was the hero of James Hill's UK TV movie Owain, Prince of Wales, broadcast in 1983 in the early days of Channel 4 / S4C.

Owain is a recurring character in the Brother Cadfael series of novels by Ellis Peters, often referred to, and appearing in the novels Dead Man's Ransom and The Summer of the Danes.

The name derives from the founder William Madocks, though there is a belief that it is named after the folklore character Madog ab Owain Gwynedd who also gives his name to " Ynys Fadog " ( English: " Madog island ").

In his legendary guise he is the main character in Chrétien de Troyes's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion and the Welsh Romance Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain, which corresponds to Chrétien's poem.

Einon ap Owain ap Hywel Dda, ( Einon son of Owain son of Hywel Dda ) was an historical character.

The name of the main character Yvain, at least, ultimately harks back to the name of the historical Owain mab Urien ( fl.

The historical Owain mab Urien, on whom the literary character is based, was the king of Rheged in Great Britain during the late 6th century.

Ywain, the character of the romances, takes his name from Owain mab Urien, a historical figure of the 6th-century kingdom of Rheged at the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain.

Hywel ab Owain is also written about in Sharon Kay Penman's novels When Christ and His Saints Slept, and Time and Chance.

In addition to this, the final defeat of the uprising led by the Welsh prince, Owain Glyndŵr, in 1412 by Prince Henry ( who later became Henry V ) represents the last major armed attempt by the Welsh to throw off English rule.

Hotspur issued an amnesty in March which applied to all rebels with the exception of Owain and his cousins, Rhys ap Tudur and Gwilym ap Tudur, sons of Tudur ap Gronw ( forefather of King Henry VII of England ).

Owain demonstrated his new status by negotiating the " Tripartite Indenture " with Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland.

Owain is perhaps best remembered outside Wales as the mysterious Welshman of ' Owen Glendower ' in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 who claims to be able to " call spirits from the vasty deep ," and proves later on that he can, at least, summon unearthly music.

Rhys made an alliance with Owain Gwynedd and after the failure of another invasion of Wales by Henry in 1165 was able to win back most of his lands.

Rhys was summoned to appear before Henry at Woodstock to do homage together with Owain Gwynedd and Malcolm IV of Scotland.

Warren suggests that when Rhys and Owain were obliged to do homage to Henry in 1163 they were forced to accept a status of dependent vassalage instead of their previous client status, and that this led to the revolt.

In 1177 Rhys, Dafydd ab Owain, who had emerged as the main power in Gwynedd, and Cadwallon ap Madog from Rhwng Gwy a Hafren swore fealty and liege homage to Henry at a council held at Oxford.

* Before July 21 – Henry ' Hotspur ' Percy forms an alliance with Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr.

* Henry II of England invades Wales and is defeated at the Battle of Ewloe by Owain Gwynedd.

* September – Henry, Prince of Wales ( later Henry V of England ) retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glyndŵr.

Less than three years later, Henry was in command of part of the English forces — he led his own army into Wales against Owain Glyndŵr and joined forces with his father to fight Harry Hotspur at Shrewsbury in 1403.

In 1400, a Welsh nobleman, Owain Glyndŵr ( or Owen Glendower ), revolted against King Henry IV of England.

Rebellions continued throughout the first ten years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr, who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and the rebellion of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland.

King Henry IV defeats a rebel army led by Henry Hotspur Percy who has allied with the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr.

Ultimately, at the end of the campaign, Owain was forced to come to terms with Henry, being obliged to surrender Rhuddlan and other conquests in the east.

Henry did not invade Gwynedd again and Owain was able to regain his eastern conquests, recapturing Rhuddlan castle in 1167 after a siege of three months.

This was a base for repelling Welsh attacks and a secure stronghold for English kings such as King Henry IV when on campaign in the Welsh Marches against Owain Glyndŵr.

Among their grievances was the King's failure to promptly pay the soldiers ' wages, his favour towards Dunbar, his demand that the Percies hand over their Scottish prisoners, his failure to put an end to Owain Glyn Dŵr's rebellion through a negotiated settlement, his increasing promotion of his son Prince Henry's military authority in Wales, and his failure to ransom the Percies ' kinsman, Henry Percy's brother-in-law, Sir Edmund Mortimer ( 1376 – 1409 ), whom the Welsh had captured in June 1402, and who had a claim to the crown as the grandson of Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence, second surviving son of King Edward III.

Restoring Anglo-Norman supremacy in Wales proved harder, and Henry had to fight two campaigns in north and south Wales in 1157 and 1158 before the Welsh princes Owain Gwynedd and Rhys ap Gruffydd submitted to his rule, agreeing to the pre-civil war division of lands.

His father, Gruffydd Fychan II, hereditary Tywysog of Powys Fadog and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy, died some time before 1370 leaving Glyndŵr's mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn of Deheubarth a widow and Owain a young man of maybe 16 years at most.

* Gwenllian II ferch Owain Gwynedd ( also shared the same name with a sister )

They charged him with perjury based on his claiming the throne instead of just his old lands and titles ; his taxing the clergy despite having promised not to without the consent of Parliament ; imprisoning and murdering King Richard II, and not permitting a free Parliamentary election and refusing to pay a just ransom, requested by Owain Glyndŵr, who was then holding Edmund Mortimer.

It withstood the siege of Madog ap Llywelyn in the winter of 1294 – 95, acted as a temporary haven for Richard II in 1399 and was held for several months by forces loyal to Owain Glyndŵr in 1401.

In 1177 King Henry II gave the manors of Ellesmere and Hales in England to Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd ( who already had a castle at Rhuddlan and was, by this time, the sole ruler of Gwynedd.

* Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd was given the manor of Ellesmere and Hales by King Henry II in 1177.

Having spent three years consolidating his authority in the vast Angevin Empire, Henry II of England resolved on a strategy against Owain I of Gwynedd by 1157.

Owain positioned himself and his army at Dinas Basing ( Basingwerk ), barring the road to Rhuddlan, setting up a trap in which Henry II would send his army along the direct road along the coast, while he crossed through the woods to out-flank Owain.

Not wishing to engage the Norman army directly, Owain repositioned himself first at St. Asaph, then further west, clearing the road for Henry II to enter into Rhuddlan " ingloriously ".

The defeat of his navy and his own military difficulties had convinced Henry II that he had " gone as far as was practical that year " in his effort to subject Owain, and the King offered terms to the prince.

With discontent mounting in England, Owain I of Gwynedd joined with Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth in a second grand Welsh revolt against Henry II.

In frustration, Henry II had twenty-two Welsh hostages mutilated ; the sons of Owain ' supporters and allies, including two of Owain's own sons.

Owain expanded his international diplomatic offensive against Henry II by sending an embassy to Louis VII of France in 1168, led by Arthur of Bardsey, Bishop of Bangor ( 1166 – 1177 ), who was charged with negotiating a joint alliance against Henry II.

The Lordship of Gwyddelwern was a junior title within the House of Powys Fadog and was recorded in 1400 as being held by Tudur ab Gruffydd Fychan II who was the younger brother of Owain Glyndŵr.

He enjoyed the favour both of Richard II and Henry IV, and his chief military exploits were against the Welsh, during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr.

Under Welsh succession law the head of the Price of Esgairweddan family at the time, descended through Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd and Dafydd II, would lead the senior line and be de jure Princes of Gwynedd, however they died out in the male line in 1702 and the royal title would have passed there from to the Wynn Family of Gwydir at that time.