Many young computer scientists fled from the universities to startups and private research labs like Xerox PARC.

The term GUI is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display screens with display resolutions able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the PARC ( Palo Alto Research Center ).

Though quiet by nature, he took the uncharacteristic step of urging Xerox executives to keep their California research center, Xerox PARC, afloat when the parent company was suspicious that its research center would amount to little.

In 1988, he became a research scientist at Xerox PARC.

During 1955-85, solid state technology research and development at Stanford University followed three waves of industrial innovation made possible by support from private corporations, mainly Bell Telephone Laboratories, Shockley Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and Xerox PARC.

Smalltalk was the product of research led by Alan Kay at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ); Alan Kay designed most of the early Smalltalk versions, which Dan Ingalls implemented.

PARC ( Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated ), formerly Xerox PARC, is a research and development company in Palo Alto, California, with a distinguished reputation for its contributions to information technology and hardware systems.

allowed Stanford graduate students to be involved in PARC research projects, and PARC scientists to collaborate with academic seminars and projects.

The result of research done at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s, Ethernet evolved into a widely implemented physical and link layer protocol.

He taught at the University of Texas and Ohio State University and was involved with research at Xerox PARC, Apple Computer's Advanced Technology Group, and Interval Research.

While conceptually the practice has been utilized for many years ( in ancient times, Archimedes was notable for applying science to practical problems ), the present-day volume of research, combined with high-profile failures at Xerox PARC and elsewhere, has led to a focus on the process itself.

Xerox had invited the Macintosh design team to view their GUI computers at the PARC research lab ; these visits had been very influential on the development of the Macintosh GUI.

The director of the Xerox PARC research center, John Seely Brown, after seeing a clip of the scene in which Gates and Jobs argue, stated in an interview that it was not entirely accurate.

William Robert " Bert " Sutherland ( born May 10, 1936 ), older brother of Ivan Sutherland, was the longtime manager of three prominent research labs, including Sun Microsystems Laboratories ( 1992 – 1998 ), the Systems Science Laboratory at Xerox PARC ( 1975 – 1981 ), and the Computer Science Division of Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. which helped develop the ARPANET.

* Xerox PARC is a research organization which has also spawned innovations such as the graphical user interface and SRI, where the computer mouse was invented, were explicitly founded with a research basis.

He went on to claim important research positions at institutions such as Carnegie Mellon, Brown, NEC, Xerox PARC, and the Paris institutions École Normale Supérieure, École Polytechnique, and INRIA.

He joined PARC as a research fellow in August 2006 and also serves as Chief Scientist for Packet Design in the adjacent Xerox complex.

Ingalls ' first well known research was at Xerox PARC, where he began a lifelong research association with Alan Kay, and did his award winning work on Smalltalk.

In 1984, Ingalls received the ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award for Outstanding Young Scientist, for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit.

After three decades as a division of Xerox, PARC was transformed in 2002 into an independent, wholly owned subsidiary company dedicated to developing and maturing advances in science and business concepts with the support of commercial partners and clients.

Upon completion of the sale, PARC entered into a 50 year contract with CNL Income Properties, under which CNL would purchase the properties from and lease them back to PARC for operation.

At this time they were shown parts of the system such as the Show Display application generator for pictures on PLATO ( later translated into a graphics-draw program on the Xerox Star workstation ), and the Charset Editor for " painting " new characters ( later translated into a " Doodle " program at PARC ), and the Term Talk and Monitor Mode communications program.

After hearing about the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC from former Xerox employees like Raskin, Jobs negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options.

On June 24, 1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, scientists were discussing new technology ( the Mbone ) for broadcasting on the Internet using multicasting.

Bravo, a document preparation program for the Alto produced at Xerox PARC by Butler Lampson, Charles Simonyi and colleagues in 1974, is generally considered the first program to incorporate WYSIWYG technology, displaying text with formatting ( e. g. with justification, fonts, and proportional spacing of characters ).

Xerox itself was slow to realize the value of the technology that had been developed at PARC.

The Unistrokes technology was invented at the Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ) by David Goldberg.

Robert Taylor, founder of Xerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory and Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center, noted that " most of the significant advances in computer technology — including the work that my group did at Xerox PARC — were simply extrapolations of Lick's vision.

Steve Jobs was invited by PARC to view their technology in exchange for the ability to buy pre-IPO Apple stock.

With PARC resources made available by Sutherland, Mead and Conway developed a textbook and university syllabus that helped expedite the development and distribution of a technology whose impact is now immeasurable.

On June 24, 1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, scientists were discussing new technology ( the MBone ) for broadcasting on the Internet using multicasting.

The underlying technology for PaperWorks, called " DataGlyphs ", was developed at Xerox PARC.

One of the earliest ubiquitous systems was artist Natalie Jeremijenko's " Live Wire ", also known as " Dangling String ", installed at Xerox PARC during Mark Weiser's time there.

In 1996, Pavel Curtis, who had built MUDs at PARC, created PlaceWare, a server that simulated a one-to-many auditorium, with side chat between " seat-mates ", and the ability to invite a limited number of audience members to speak.

During the 1980s the term " WIMP ", which stands for window, icon, menu, pointer, was coined at PARC.

The PARC user interface consisted of graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, check boxes and icons.

The PARC user interface employs a pointing device in addition to a keyboard.

Founded in 1970 as a division of Xerox Corporation, PARC has been responsible for such well known and important developments as laser printing, Ethernet, the modern personal computer, graphical user interface ( GUI ), object-oriented programming, ubiquitous computing, amorphous silicon ( a-Si ) applications, and advancing very-large-scale-integration ( VLSI ) for semiconductors.

In December 1979, Apple Computer's co-founder Steve Jobs visited Xerox PARC, where he was shown the Smalltalk-80 programming environment, networking, and most importantly the WYSIWYG, mouse-driven graphical user interface provided by the Alto.

Many of the concepts developed by Goldberg and her team at PARC became the basis for graphically based user interfaces, replacing the earlier command line based systems.

Xerox PARC was also credited for having not only done the pioneering work in the industry for graphical user interfaces, but also for contributing to OPEN LOOK's " design, review, implementation, testing, and refinement ".

In the late 1990s, Ed H. Chi worked with Pirolli, Card and others at PARC further developed information scent ideas and algorithm to actually use these concepts in real interactive systems, including the modeling of web user browsing behavior, the inference of information needs from web visit log files, and the use of information scent concepts in reading and browsing interfaces.

* PARC User Interface, a user interface based on the WIMP ( window, icon, menu, pointer ) system ; see PARC ( company )

* Computer Science Laboratory, a laboratory of Xerox's research division, Xerox PARC ; both the laboratory and the division are best known for essentially creating the modern personal computer graphical user interface ( GUI ) paradigm

Although the first bitmapped graphical user interface used a different " desktop " metaphor ( using Smalltalk, created at Xerox PARC ), tiling window managers followed soon.