Bulgaria's per-capita PPP GDP is still only about a half of the EU27 average, while the country's nominal GDP per capita is about 20 % of the EU27 average.

Germany is the largest national economy in Europe, the fourth-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and fifth by GDP ( PPP ) in 2008.

In this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone.

The economy of Japan is the third largest national economy in the world after the United States and the People's Republic of China and is the world's second largest developed economy According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was at $ 34, 739 or the 25th highest in 2011.

Morocco has become a major player in the African economic affairs, and is the 5th African economy by GDP ( PPP ).

It is ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP ( PPP ) as of 2011, and its emergent, though currently underperforming manufacturing sector is the third-largest on the continent, producing a large proportion of goods and services for the West African region.

In 2010 Peru's per capita income ( PPP ) is bordering $ 10, 000.

In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) is a data link protocol commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes.

PPP is used over many types of physical networks including serial cable, phone line, trunk line, cellular telephone, specialized radio links, and fiber optic links such as SONET.

PPP is also used over Internet access connections ( now marketed as " broadband ").

Since an identical procedure was derived by John A. Pople the same year, it is generally referred to as the Pariser-Parr-Pople method or PPP method.

Pariser is best known for his work with Robert G. Parr on the method of molecular orbital computation now known ( because it was independently developed by John A. Pople ) as the Pariser – Parr – Pople method ( PPP method ), published both by Pariser and Parr and by Pople in almost simultaneous papers in 1953.

The economy of South Africa is the largest in Africa, accounts for 24 % of its Gross Domestic Product in terms of PPP, and is ranked as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank, which makes the country one of only four countries in Africa represented in this category ( the others being Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius ).

An example in modem communication, where the throughput typically is measured in the interface between the Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) and the circuit switched modem connection.

Based on Gross Domestic Product ( PPP ) figures for the year 2011, the most developed country in the grouping is the Czech Republic ( USD 25, 933 per capita ), followed by Slovakia ( USD 23, 384 per capita ), Poland ( USD 20, 136 per capita ) and Hungary ( USD 19, 647 per capita ).

Two encapsulated forms of PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet ( PPPoE ) and Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM ( PPPoA ), are used most commonly by Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) to establish a Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) Internet service connection with customers.

HDLC was the inspiration for the IEEE 802. 2 LLC protocol, and it is the basis for the framing mechanism used with the PPP on synchronous lines, as used by many servers to connect to a WAN, most commonly the Internet.

The Pakistan People's Party (; commonly referred to as PPP ) is ( by Pakistani standards based on the Pakistani political spectrum ) a centre-left social liberal, democratic socialist / social-democratic, progressive political party in Pakistan.

Internet service providers ( ISPs ) have used PPP for customer dial-up access to the Internet, since IP packets cannot be transmitted over a modem line on their own, without some data link protocol.

This is still used occasionally as an approximation, though the more precise PPP Pariser – Parr – Pople method succeeded it in 1953.

In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ), and, on local area networks, the IEEE 802. 2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on the Ethernet, and on other local area networks, its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used.

Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) is an economic theory and a technique used to determine the relative value of currencies, estimating the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between countries in order for the exchange to be equivalent to ( or on par with ) each currency's purchasing power.

More comparisons have to be made and used as variables in the overall formulation of the PPP.

CHAP is an authentication scheme used by Point to Point Protocol ( PPP ) servers to validate the identity of remote clients.

In 2003 the Labour Government used Public-private partnership ( PPP ) schemes for the privatisation of London Underground's infrastructure and rolling-stock.

The GRE tunnel is used to carry encapsulated PPP packets, allowing the tunnelling of any protocols that can be carried within PPP, including IP, NetBEUI and IPX.

The known vulnerabilities relate to the underlying PPP authentication protocols used, the design of the MPPE protocol as well as the integration between MPPE and PPP authentication for session key establishment.

Asynchronous start-stop is the physical layer used to connect computers to modems for many dial-up Internet access applications, using a data link framing protocol such as PPP to create packets made up out of asynchronous serial characters.

A Network Control Protocol is a protocol that runs atop the Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) and that is used to negotiate options for a network layer protocol running atop PPP.

Iridium claims data rates up to 10 kilobits per second for their " direct Internet " service which utilizes v. 42bis compression over a PPP dialup connection to Iridium's Arizona gateway.

Examples of data link protocols are Ethernet for local area networks ( multi-node ), the Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ), HDLC and ADCCP for point-to-point ( dual-node ) connections.

The introduction of network access servers ( NASs ) supporting the Serial Line Internet Protocol ( SLIP ) and later the Point-to-point protocol ( PPP ) extended the Internet protocols and made the full range of Internet services available to dial-up users, subject only to limitations imposed by the lower data rates available using dial-up.

L2TPv3 provides additional security features, improved encapsulation, and the ability to carry data links other than simply PPP over an IP network ( e. g., Frame Relay, Ethernet, ATM, etc.

With respect to the framing of packets, PPP is quite similar to HDLC, but supports both bit-oriented as well as byte-oriented (" octet-stuffed ") methods of delimiting frames while maintaining data transparency.

Few systems transfer files and data by simply copying the contents of the file into the ' Data ' field of HDLC or PPP frames — another protocol layer is used to format the data inside the ' Data ' field of the HDLC or PPP frame.

* An Internet Service Provider which provides network access via common modem or modem-like devices ( be it PSTN, DSL, cable or GPRS / UMTS ) can have one or more NAS ( network access server ) devices which accept PPP, PPPoE or PPTP connections, checking credentials and recording accounting data via back-end RADIUS servers, and allowing users access through that connection.

Data rooms ( online data room ) are used in many different types of transactions where the vendor ( in the case of a property, M & A or share sale ) or the authority ( in the case of a PFI / PPP project ) wishes to disclose a large amount of confidential data to proposed bidders typically during the due diligence process.

By far the most popular FCS algorithm is a cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ), used in the Ethernet with 32 bits, X. 25 16 or 32 bits, HDLC 16 or 32 bits, Frame Relay 16 bits, Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) 16 or 32 bits, and other data link layer protocols.

OSI layer 2 ( data link layer, e. g. Ethernet frame in LANs or multi-link PPP in WANs, Ethernet MAC address ) aggregation typically occurs across switch ports, which can be either physical ports, or virtual ones managed by an operating system, e. g. such as those of Open vSwitch.

In setting up PPP communications, both the sending and receiving devices send out LCP packets to determine the standards of the ensuing data transmission.

Devices cannot use PPP to transmit data over a network until the LCP packet determines the acceptability of the link, but LCP packets are embedded into PPP packets and therefore a basic PPP connection has to be established before LCP can reconfigure it.

The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats.