Bulgaria's per-capita PPP GDP is still only about a half of the EU27 average, while the country's nominal GDP per capita is about 20 % of the EU27 average.

Germany is the largest national economy in Europe, the fourth-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and fifth by GDP ( PPP ) in 2008.

In this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone.

The economy of Japan is the third largest national economy in the world after the United States and the People's Republic of China and is the world's second largest developed economy According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was at $ 34, 739 or the 25th highest in 2011.

Morocco has become a major player in the African economic affairs, and is the 5th African economy by GDP ( PPP ).

It is ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP ( PPP ) as of 2011, and its emergent, though currently underperforming manufacturing sector is the third-largest on the continent, producing a large proportion of goods and services for the West African region.

In 2010 Peru's per capita income ( PPP ) is bordering $ 10, 000.

In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) is a data link protocol commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes.

PPP is also used over Internet access connections ( now marketed as " broadband ").

PPP is commonly used as a data link layer protocol for connection over synchronous and asynchronous circuits, where it has largely superseded the older Serial Line Internet Protocol ( SLIP ) and telephone company mandated standards ( such as Link Access Protocol, Balanced ( LAPB ) in the X. 25 protocol suite ).

Since an identical procedure was derived by John A. Pople the same year, it is generally referred to as the Pariser-Parr-Pople method or PPP method.

Pariser is best known for his work with Robert G. Parr on the method of molecular orbital computation now known ( because it was independently developed by John A. Pople ) as the Pariser – Parr – Pople method ( PPP method ), published both by Pariser and Parr and by Pople in almost simultaneous papers in 1953.

The economy of South Africa is the largest in Africa, accounts for 24 % of its Gross Domestic Product in terms of PPP, and is ranked as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank, which makes the country one of only four countries in Africa represented in this category ( the others being Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius ).

An example in modem communication, where the throughput typically is measured in the interface between the Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) and the circuit switched modem connection.

Based on Gross Domestic Product ( PPP ) figures for the year 2011, the most developed country in the grouping is the Czech Republic ( USD 25, 933 per capita ), followed by Slovakia ( USD 23, 384 per capita ), Poland ( USD 20, 136 per capita ) and Hungary ( USD 19, 647 per capita ).

Internet service providers ( ISPs ) have used PPP for customer dial-up access to the Internet, since IP packets cannot be transmitted over a modem line on their own, without some data link protocol.

Two encapsulated forms of PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet ( PPPoE ) and Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM ( PPPoA ), are used most commonly by Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) to establish a Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) Internet service connection with customers.

This is still used occasionally as an approximation, though the more precise PPP Pariser – Parr – Pople method succeeded it in 1953.

In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ), and, on local area networks, the IEEE 802. 2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on the Ethernet, and on other local area networks, its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used.

Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) is an economic theory and a technique used to determine the relative value of currencies, estimating the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between countries in order for the exchange to be equivalent to ( or on par with ) each currency's purchasing power.

More comparisons have to be made and used as variables in the overall formulation of the PPP.

CHAP is an authentication scheme used by Point to Point Protocol ( PPP ) servers to validate the identity of remote clients.

HDLC was the inspiration for the IEEE 802. 2 LLC protocol, and it is the basis for the framing mechanism used with the PPP on synchronous lines, as used by many servers to connect to a WAN, most commonly the Internet.

In 2003 the Labour Government used Public-private partnership ( PPP ) schemes for the privatisation of London Underground's infrastructure and rolling-stock.

The GRE tunnel is used to carry encapsulated PPP packets, allowing the tunnelling of any protocols that can be carried within PPP, including IP, NetBEUI and IPX.

The known vulnerabilities relate to the underlying PPP authentication protocols used, the design of the MPPE protocol as well as the integration between MPPE and PPP authentication for session key establishment.

Asynchronous start-stop is the physical layer used to connect computers to modems for many dial-up Internet access applications, using a data link framing protocol such as PPP to create packets made up out of asynchronous serial characters.

A Network Control Protocol is a protocol that runs atop the Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) and that is used to negotiate options for a network layer protocol running atop PPP.

X. 25 can still be supported over PPP, or even over IP, but doing this requires either a network based router to perform encapsulation or intelligence built in to the end-device / terminal ; e. g., user equipment ( UE ).

This allowed a user to have a constant multi-link PPP connection to the internet over X. 25 on the D channel, and brought up one or two B channels as needed.

It did not take over responsibility for the London Underground until 2003, after the controversial Public-private partnership ( PPP ) contract for maintenance had been agreed.

Later implementations often use Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) or Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) ( Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet ( PPPoE ) or Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM ( PPPoA )), while authenticating with a userid and password and using Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ) mechanisms to provide network details.

Iridium claims data rates up to 10 kilobits per second for their " direct Internet " service which utilizes v. 42bis compression over a PPP dialup connection to Iridium's Arizona gateway.

The opposition charged that the PPP was seeking to gain control over the colony's economic and social life and was moving to stifle the opposition.

Cheddi Jagan of the PPP was elected and sworn in as President on October 9, 1992, reversing the monopoly Afro-Guyanese traditionally had over Guyanese politics.

When PPP comparisons are to be made over some interval of time, proper account needs to be made of inflationary effects.

Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have improved after the PPP party took over in 2008.

When the Mikołajczyk's People's Party ( PPP ) continued to resist pressure to renounce a ticket of its own outside the communist party bloc, it was exposed to open terror, including the disqualification of PPP candidates in one quarter of the districts and the arrest of over 1000, 000 PPP activists, followed by vote rigging that resulted in Gomułka's communists winning a majority in the carefully controlled poll.

On 10 February 1988 Rocky Malebane-Metsing of the People's Progressive Party ( PPP ) became the President of Bophuthatswana for one day when he took over the government through a military coup.

PPTP uses a control channel over TCP and a GRE tunnel operating to encapsulate PPP packets.

The Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM ( PPPoA ) is a network protocol for encapsulating PPP frames in AAL5.