Palmitoylation is important for membrane localisation of many proteins.

Chemically, astatine behaves more or less as a halogen, being expected to form ionic astatides with alkali or alkaline earth metals ; it is known to form covalent compounds with nonmetals, including other halogens.

This double bond is stronger than a single covalent bond ( 611 kJ / mol for C = C vs. 347 kJ / mol for C — C ) and also shorter with an average bond length of 1. 33 Angstroms ( 133 pm ).

The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state ( s ), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form ( e. g., metallic, ionic, covalent ).

Molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs.

As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent — making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.

Its high coordination number and softness ( tendency to form covalent bonds ) are the basis of the separation of Cs < sup >+</ sup > from other cations, as is practiced in the remediation of nuclear wastes, where < sup > 137 </ sup > Cs < sup >+</ sup > is separated from large amounts of nonradioactive K < sup >+</ sup >.

The discipline organocatalysis is divided in the application of covalent ( e. g., proline, DMAP ) and non-covalent ( e. g., thiourea organocatalysis ) organocatalysts referring to the preferred catalyst-substrate binding and interaction, respectively.

If we take the simple valence bond structure and mix in all possible covalent and ionic structures arising from a particular set of atomic orbitals, we reach what is called the full configuration interaction wave function.

A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.

Although covalent bonding entails sharing of electrons, it is not necessarily delocalized.

While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding, quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules.

Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms.

* That an associated locant number represents the location of a covalent bond in an organic compound, the position of which is variant between isomeric forms

* Primary structure, such as the sequence of amino acids held together by covalent peptide bonds, is not disrupted by denaturation.

The mechanism of DNA ligase is to form two covalent phosphodiester bonds between 3 ' hydroxyl ends of one nucleotide, (" acceptor ") with the 5 ' phosphate end of another (" donor ").

For cases where electrons are shared ( covalent bonds ) between atoms with large differences in electronegativity, the electron is assigned to the atom with the largest electronegativity in determining the oxidation state.

This follows because the hydrogen donates its electron in covalent bonds with non-metals but it takes the electron along when it is lost.

Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 as an explanation of the fact that the covalent bond between two different atoms ( A – B ) is stronger than would be expected by taking the average of the strengths of the A – A and B – B bonds.

To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, it is necessary to have data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bond formed by that element.

The covalent energy of a bond is approximately, by quantum mechanical calculations, the geometric mean of the two energies of covalent bonds of the same molecules ( which is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean-which is applied in the first formula above-as the energies are of the similar value, except for the highly electropositive elements i. e. when there is a larger difference of two dissociation energies, but the geometric mean is more accurate and almost always gives a positive excess energy, due to ionic bonding ), and there is an additional energy that comes from ionic factors, i. e. polar character of the bond.

In music an " answer " ( also known as countersubject ) is the technical name in counterpoint for the repetition or modification by one part or instrument of a theme proposed by another.

Non-standard amino acids that are found in proteins are formed by post-translational modification, which is modification after translation during protein synthesis.

Another example is the formation of hypusine in the translation initiation factor EIF5A, through modification of a lysine residue.

In the United States, only eastern New England speakers took up this modification, although even there it is becoming increasingly rare.

If Acorn had thought to include this small modification in the original Electron design it is likely the machine would have had a much greater impact as it would have nearly doubled the amount of motion possible in games and saved modes 0 – 3 ( including the only 16 colour mode ) from being nearly useless due to contended memory timings.

Applications could not directly address video memory in this mode without modification, so it was incompatible with most games, although there is no inherent reason why a game could not be written to function in shadow mode.

A discussion of every disease caused by modification of the various apoptotic pathways would be impractical, but the concept overlying each one is the same: the normal functioning of the pathway has been disrupted in such a way as to impair the ability of the cell to undergo normal apoptosis.

It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.

Bodybuilding is a form of physical exercise and body modification involving intensive muscle hypertrophy.

Another mechanism is the modification of surface geometry.

Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or cycling, though in many settings this may require some infrastructure modification, particularly to attract the less experienced and confident.

The Environmental Modification Convention ( ENMOD ), formally the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques is an international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques.

The Convention bans weather warfare, which is the use of weather modification techniques for the purposes of inducing damage or destruction.

It is convenient to divide the impact process conceptually into three distinct stages: ( 1 ) initial contact and compression, ( 2 ) excavation, ( 3 ) modification and collapse.

In practice, there is overlap between the three processes with, for example, the excavation of the crater continuing in some regions while modification and collapse is already underway in others.

Above a certain threshold size, which varies with planetary gravity, the collapse and modification of the transient cavity is much more extensive, and the resulting structure is called a complex crater.

A popular modification is the Combo – an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage.

Counter-Strike is a tactical first-person shooter video game developed by Valve Corporation which originated from a Half-Life modification by Minh " Gooseman " Le and Jess " Cliffe " Cliffe.

The current crest, featuring a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff, is a modification of the one introduced in the early 1950s.

Third, a variant of this conjugation trick, which is sometimes preferable because it requires no modification of the data values, involves swapping real and imaginary parts ( which can be done on a computer simply by modifying pointers ).

The small modification, " is a sibling of, or is the same person as ", is an equivalence relation.