A medal awarded to women who served in the Women Army Auxiliary Corps from 10 July 1942 to 31 August 1943, and to the Women Army Corps from 1 September 1943 to 2 September 1945 featured Athena on the front.

Women were banned by the Pauline dictum mulieres in ecclesiis taceant (" let women keep silent in church "; see I Corinthians, ch 14, v 34 ).

A Married Women ( Restraint Upon Anticipation ) Act was passed in 1949 “ to equalise, to render inoperative any restrictions upon anticipation or alienation attached to the enjoyment of property by a woman ,” while the Married Women ( Maintenance ) Act of 1949 was enacted with the intention of improving the adequacy and duration of financial benefits for married women.

During the Han dynasty period, the important Confucian text Lessons for Women ( Nüjie ), was written by Ban Zhao ( 45-114 CE ): by a woman, for women.

Women of the Right: Comparisons and Interplay Across Borders ( Penn State University Press ; 2012 ) 312 pages ; scholarly essays giving a global perspective on women in right-wing politics.

The controversial book " The Education of Christian Women " by Juan Luis Vives, which claimed women have the right to an education, was dedicated to and commissioned by her.

In 1872, the dispensary became the New Hospital for Women and Children, treating women from all over London for gynaecological conditions ; the hospital moved to new premises in Marleybone Street in 1874.

In the same year, she co-founded London School of Medicine for Women with Sophie Jex-Blake and became a lecturer in what was the only teaching hospital in Britain to offer courses for women.

Both institutions have since been handsomely and suitably housed and equipped, the New hospital for Women ( in the Euston Road ) for many years being worked entirely by medical women, and the schools ( in Hunter Street, WC1 ) having over 200 students, most of them preparing for the medical degree of London University ( the present-day University College London ), which was opened to women in 1877.

Works such as Marjorie Rosen ’ s Popcorn Venus: Women, Movies, and the American Dream ( 1973 ) and Molly Haskell ’ s From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in Movies ( 1974 ) analyze how the women portrayed in film related to the broader historical context, the stereotypes depicted, the extent to which the women were shown as active or passive, and the amount of screen time given to women.

" Throughout the Revolution, women such as Pauline Léon and her Society of Revolutionary Republican Women fought for the right to bear arms, used armed force and rioted.

Women with FGM typically report sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia ( painful sexual intercourse ), but several researchers have written that FGM does not necessarily destroy sexual desire in women.

Women only began to join the previously male-dominated sexual reform movement around 1910 when the German government tried to expand Paragraph 175 to outlaw sex between women.

Gro Harlem Brundtland is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.

In early times, horror films such as My Bloody Valentine ( 1981 ), Halloween ( 1978 ), and Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) pertained mostly to a male audience in order to " feed the fantasies of young men ".< ref name = Nowell > Their main focus was to express the fear of women and show them as monsters ; however, this ideal is no longer prevalent in horror films .< ref name = Williams > Women have become not only the main audience and fans of horror films but also the main protagonists of contemporary horror films.

School spirit abounds with men ’ s and women ’ s varsity teams that have delivered more conference and national championships than any other institution in Atlantic University Sport.

Shaping Edwin ’ s ambitious journey in the world of the theater is his love of three women: the beautiful, strong-minded Julia Scarlet, whom he first meets in Ann Arbor ; the emotionally fragile and haunting Jessamy Lee, and the very private and mysterious leading lady Adelina Kane, idol of the American stage.

With his father's declination of the position as minister of the court ; during his young boyhood ` Abdu ’ l-Bahá witnessed his parents ' various charitable endeavours, which included converting part of the home to a hospital ward for women and children.

On 24 April 1826 over 1, 000 men and women, many armed, gathered at Whinney Hill in Clayton-le-Moors to listen to a speaker from where they marched on Sykes ’ s Mill at Higher Grange Lane, near the site of the modern police station and Magistrate ’ s Courts, and smashed over 60 looms.

They found that increased women's rights were are associated with less civil wars and that legal polygamy had no effect after women ’ s rights were controlled for.

Male chauvinism has been defined as a “ blind allegiance and simple minded devotion to one ’ s maleness that is mixed with open or disguised belligerence toward women.

The balance of the workforce in America changed during World War II through the dramatic rise of women ’ s participation as men left their positions to enlist in the military and fight in the war.

De Pizan ’ s participation in a literary quarrel, in 1401 – 1402, allowed her to move beyond the courtly circles, and ultimately to establish her status as a writer concerned with the position of women in society.

The first of these shows the importance of women ’ s past contributions to society, and the second strives to teach women of all estates how to cultivate useful qualities in order to counteract the growth of misogyny.

Written in 1429, The Tale of Joan of Arc celebrates the appearance of a woman military leader who, according to de Pizan, vindicated and rewarded all women ’ s efforts to defend their own sex.

In The Treasure of the City of Ladies, she highlights the persuasive effect of women ’ s speech and actions in everyday life.

She also claims that slanderous speech erodes one ’ s honor and threatens the sisterly bond among women.

" It ’ s the natural law, as women fare so fares the world, their children, and that ’ s everybody.

In the United States in 1995, the Glass Ceiling Commission, a government-funded group, stated: " Over half of all Master ’ s degrees are now awarded to women, yet 95 % of senior-level managers, of the top Fortune 1000 industrial and 500 service companies are men.

In 1874, Dr. Henry Maudsley ’ s article on Sex and Mind in Education, which argued that education for women caused over-exertion and thus, reduced their reproductive capacity, sometimes causing “ nervous and even mental disorders ”.

Elizabeth ’ s counter-argument was that the real danger for women was not education but boredom and that fresh air and exercise were preferable to sitting by the fire with a novel.

The Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Gallery, a permanent installation set within the restored former Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital building that now forms part of the new UNISON Centre, uses a variety of media to set the story of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, her hospital, and women ’ s struggle to achieve equality in the field of medicine within the wider framework of 19th and 20th century social history.

This is possible, but seems unlikely, especially as Charibert seems to have had a preference for younger women, again, according to Gregory ’ s account.

In 1903 there was a substantial increase in the number of women film several minutes long unclear, as a result of the great popularity of Georges Méliès ’ le Voyage dans la lune ( A Trip to the Moon ), which came out in early 1902, though such films were still a very minor part of production.

Her testimonial launch of the Second Crusade from Vézelay, the rumored location of Mary Magdalene ´ s burial, dramatically emphasized the role of women in the campaign.

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in women as a bone mineral density 2. 5 standard deviations below peak bone mass ( 20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average ) as measured by DEXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.

According to the Foundation for Women's Health, Research and Development, 66, 000 women in England and Wales have experienced FGM, with 7, 000 girls at risk.

The Demographic and Health Surveys carried out every five years show that women in Kenya wanted fewer children than those in Uganda and that in Uganda there was also a greater unmet need for contraception.

Heart disease is listed by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services as the number one cause of death for all women.

However, a number of very large studies, including the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, an eight year study of 49, 000 women, the Nurses ' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, revealed no such links.

Among the older postmenopausal women studied as part of the Women's Health Initiative ( WHI ), an orally administered conjugated equine estrogen supplement was found to be associated with an increased risk of dangerous blood clotting.

The World Health Organization cites the procedure as a measure against the transmission of HIV between women and men ; some African studies have found that circumcision can reduce the rate of transmission of HIV to men by up to 60 %.

Some of the more successful programs for women that were implemented by the Sandinistas were in the areas of Education Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign, Health, and Housing.

# Improve Maternal Health: Almost all of the half million women who die during pregnancy or childbirth every year live in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.

" According to a survey done by The National Center for Health Statistics, " over half of marriages from 1990-1994 among women began as cohabitation.

The Pill became available free of charge on the National Health Service in the 1960s, at first restricted to married women, but early in the 1970s its availability was extended to all women.

However, a large, randomized, controlled trial ( the Women's Health Initiative ) found that women undergoing HT or HRT with conjugated equine estrogens ( Premarin ), in combination with a synthetic progestin ( medroxy pogesterone acetate ( Premarin plus Provera, known as Prempro )), had an increased risk of breast cancer and heart disease.

An increase in breast cancer risk was not seen in the Women's Health Initiative study of conjugate estrogen alone ( Premarin ) versus placebo, however this study was stopped prematurely as an increased risk of stroke was observed in women treated with Premarin.

Dr. Rubinow states that “ the Women ’ s Health Initiative study led to the mistaken belief that estrogen replacement therapy is bad for all women.

Much of the negative impact of estrogen that they found was related to the fact that most of the women in the Women ’ s Health Initiative study were far past the menopause and up to 79 years old .” Dr. Rubinow continues by explaining that “ there are now a large number of studies that demonstrate what has been called the timing hypothesis.

A 2008 study by Men's Health and Women's Health magazines found Salt Lake City to be the healthiest city for women by looking at 38 different factors, including cancer rates, air quality and the number of gym memberships.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that overall seroprevalence in the United States as determined with specimens collected by the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey ( NHANES ) between 1999 and 2004 was found to be 10. 8 %, with seroprevalence among women of childbearing age ( 15 to 44 years ) at 11 %.

* Youth Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Rights: goal is to " advance policies and programs that ensure the improved sexual and reproductive health of marginalized young women ".