This violin, now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, may have been part of a set made for the marriage of Philip II of Spain to Elisabeth of Valois in 1559, which would make it one of the earliest known violins in existence.

But Philip, now 60 years of age, died before the Bastarnae could arrive.

Philip now took the offensive himself, and in maneuvoering to get a good cavalry ground upon which to fight he offered battle ( 27 July ), on the plain east of Bouvines and the river Marque.

The Spanish Golden Age ( in Spanish, Siglo de Oro ) was a period of flourishing arts and letters in the Spanish Empire ( now Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America ), coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs ( Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II ).

Pope Innocent III initially had supported the Welfs, but when Otto, now sole elected monarch, moved to appropriate Sicily, Innocent changed sides and accepted young Frederick II and his ally, King Philip II of France, who defeated Otto at the 1214 Battle of Bouvines.

Shortly thereafter, the Romans pacified Sicily and entered into an alliance with the Aetolian League to counter Phillip V. Philip, who attempted to exploit Rome's preoccupation in Italy to conquer Illyria, now found himself under attack from several sides at once and was quickly subdued by Rome and her Greek allies.

but I have only one ye now, and hardly that .’ I was really quite touched ". On 5 November Reynolds, fearing he may not have an opportunity to write a will, wrote a memorandum intended to be his last will and testament, with Edmund Burke, Edmond Malone and Philip Metcalfe named as executors.

Instead, in 1769, he enrolled at the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, where he became roommates and close friends with Philip Freneau, later dubbed " the poet of the Revolution.

Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance.

In 1990, General Foods was merged into Kraft Foods by parent company Philip Morris ( now the Altria Group ).

The building influenced the creation of hundreds of modernist glass houses, most notably the Glass House by Philip Johnson, located near New York City and also now owned by the National Trust.

In 336 BC Philip II of Macedon conquered Upper Macedonia, including its northern part and southern Paeonia, which both now lie within the Republic of Macedonia.

A former pupil of an eminent German scholar and educationist Valentin Friedland, Martin Helwig went on to study at the University of Wittenberg where as a student of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon he earned the academic degree of Magister, in 1552 he became Rector of St. Maria Magdalena School in Breslau ( now Wrocław, in Poland ).

Philip had spent this time consolidating his territorial gains, and by now was controlling much of Normandy east of the Seine, and remaining within striking distance of Rouen.

Philip now pressed his advantage in northeastern Normandy, where he conducted a raid at Dieppe, during which he burnt the English ships in the harbour, repulsing an attack by Richard at the same time.

Philip now marched southward into the Berry region, and his primary objective was the fortress of Issoudun, which had just been captured by Richard's mercenary commander, Mercadier.

Philip, now in desperate circumstances, offered a truce so that discussions could begin towards a more permanent peace, with the offer that he would return all of the territories except for Gisors.

In May 1200, Philip signed the Treaty of Le Goulet with Richard's successor king John of England, as youngest son of Henry called the Lackland, now also Duke of Normandy.

John immediately threw his support behind Otto, and Philip now saw his chance to launch a successful invasion of England.

And now the proclamation of Pretorius was followed by protests on the part of the British high commissioner, Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse, as well as on the part of the consul-general for Portugal in South Africa.

The Prado Philip II, now recognised as by Anguissola

An important commission of 1867 was the " green dining room " at the South Kensington Museum ( now the Morris Room of the Victoria and Albert ), featuring stained glass windows and panel figures by Burne-Jones, panels with branches of fruit or flowers by Morris, and olive branches and a frieze by Philip Webb.

Meanwhile, the English, who had previously held the view that Philip could remain on the throne of Spain, now decided that their commercial interests would be more secure under the Archduke Charles.

* November 25 – James of Baux succeeds his uncle, Philip II, as Prince of Taranto ( now eastern Italy ) and titular ruler of the Latin Empire ( now northern Greece and western Turkey ).

The Inquisition is suspended and a delegation is sent to Spain to petition Philip II.

Shortly after establishing the settlement at Port Jackson, on 15 February 1788, Phillip sent Lieutenant Philip Gidley King with 8 free men and a number of convicts to establish the second British colony in the Pacific at Norfolk Island.

He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France.

When his wife Queen Mary fell ill in 1558, King Philip sent the Count of Feria to consult with Elizabeth.

After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562 – 1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II.

* 1721 1 June – George I sent a letter to Philip V promising " to make use of the first favourable Opportunity to regulate this Article ( the Demand touching the Restitution of Gibraltar ), with the Consent of my Parliament ".

They blockaded the Genoese quarter, but the Genoese were supplied by the Hospitallers, whose complex was nearby, and by Philip of Montfort who sent food from Tyre.

King Philip IV of France ( 1268 – 1314 ) In 1305, the new Pope Clement V, based in France, sent letters to both the Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay and the Hospitaller Grand Master Fulk de Villaret to discuss the possibility of merging the two Orders.

It was generally agreed that the charges were false, but Clement sent King Philip IV of France a written request for assistance in the investigation.

As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip by Titian was sent to her in September 1553.

In April 1305, the Mongol Ilkhan ruler Oljeitu sent an embassy led by Buscarello de Ghizolfi to Clement, Philip IV of France, and Edward I of England.

In August 1616 the pope sent him as nuncio to the Duchy of Savoy, to mediate between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Philip III of Spain in their dispute concerning the Gonzaga Marquisate of Montferrat.

He also served as a legate to Philip II of Spain ( 1556 – 1598 ), being sent by the Pope to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo.

Philip sent a message to John: " Look to yourself ; the devil is loose ".

Elizabeth bowed to public feeling against the marriage, learning from the mistake her sister made when she married Philip II of Spain, and sent the Duke of Anjou away.

* An Athenian delegation, comprising Demosthenes, Aeschines and Philocrates, is officially sent to Pella to negotiate a peace treaty with Philip II.

An anecdote has it that when Philip II sent a message to Sparta saying " If I enter Laconia, I will raze Sparta ", the Spartans responded with the single, terse reply: " If.

Thus, upon the conquest of Persia, Alexander the Great sent to Athens 300 suits of Persian armour with the following inscription Alexander, son of Philip, and all the Greeks except the Spartans, give these offerings taken from the foreigners who live in Asia added.

At the beginning of 1282 the Bishop sent their complaint to the Papal Legate Philip of Ferno, which was to address the settlement of the dispute.

During that year, diplomatic pressure from France and Rome persuaded Edward to release the imprisoned King John into the custody of the pope, and Wallace was sent to France to seek the aid of Philip IV ; he possibly also travelled to Rome.

Celestine sent Arcadius and Projectus, to represent himself and his Roman council ; in addition, he sent the Roman priest, Philip, as his personal representative.

He says Philip the Apostle sent twelve Christians to Britain, one of whom was his dearest friend, Joseph of Arimathea.

The works he sent to the 1819 Salon were La Grande Odalisque, Philip V and the Marshal of Berwick, and Roger Freeing Angelica, which were once again attacked as " gothic ".

One of them, the Archbishop Elector Johann Philip von Schonborn, bought von Guericke's apparatus from him and had it sent to his Jesuit-run College at Wurzburg.