Later authors combined Daoism with Confucianism and Legalism, such as Liu An ( 2nd century BCE ), whose Huainanzi ( The Philosophers of Huai-nan ) also added to the fields of geography and topography.

Philosophers, authors and musicians filled the night clubs and brasseries that line the boulevard.

Philosophers who use the word defeasible have historically had different world views from those who use the word indefeasible ( and this distinction has often been mirrored by Oxford and Cambridge zeitgeist ); hence it is rare to find authors who use both words.

Philosophers are not interested in the " Ship of Theseus " problem per se, but to a more basic problem which is this: How does one decide that X is the same as Y, where X describes something at one time, and Y describes another thing at a later time?

Philosophers in ancient societies were interested in how humans acquired the ability to understand and produce language well before empirical methods for testing those theories were developed, but for the most part they seemed to regard language acquisition as a subset of man's ability to acquire knowledge and learn concepts.

Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of the gaffe include Freud and Gilles Deleuze.

* Book about A Theory of Sentience Readership: Philosophers, psychologists, and neuroscientists interested in sensation and perception.

Philosophers and sophists frequently assembled to hold talks and lectures in the gymnasia ; thus the institution became a resort for those interested in less structured intellectual pursuits in addition to those using the place for training in physical exercises.

Philosophers specializing in business ethics are primarily interested in how business people ought to conduct themselves in the marketplace and in society.

Philosophers since the time of Descartes and Locke have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and pin down its essential properties.

Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

Philosophers were less concerned with such mathematical calculations than with the nature of the celestial spheres, their relation to revealed accounts of created nature, and the causes of their motion.

Philosophers Mikhail Bakhtin and Georges Bataille have published works on the nature of transgression.

Philosophers have described these as Kant ’ s " two worlds " – the world of nature ( which leads to determinism ), and the world of freedom ( where responsibility is found ).

Philosophers of chemistry discuss issues of symmetry and chirality in nature.

The " love of God " and " fear of God " receive different interpretations across the historic texts of Judaism, from their different appellations in the Song of Songs, through the Talmud, Medieval Jewish Philosophers, Musar literature and the Kabbalah.

Between 1424 and 1433 he worked on the translation of the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius, which came to be widely circulated in manuscript form and was published at Rome in 1472 ( the first printed edition of the Lives ; the Greek text was printed only in 1533 ).

The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three letters, which are to be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius ' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, reported as well in Diogenes ' book X, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.

Philosophers such as Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full Moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.

Philosophers Randall Dipert and Roderick Long have argued that Objectivist epistemology conflates the perceptual process by which judgments are formed with the way in which they are to be justified, thereby leaving it unclear how judgments with propositional structure can be validated by sensory data.

Philosophers distinguish internalist accounts, which assume that perceptions of objects, and knowledge or beliefs about them, are aspects of an individual's mind, and externalist accounts, which state that they constitute real aspects of the world external to the individual.

Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it.

At the Philosophers ’ Conference of October 1962 in Münster, at which Habermas wrote that Adorno was " A writer among bureaucrats ", Adorno presented " Progress.

Philosophers have investigated the criteria by which a scientific theory can be said to have successfully explained a phenomenon, as well as what gives a scientific theory explanatory power.

Philosophers, mathematicians, and others ancient and modern such as Aristotle, Plato, Frege, Wittgenstein, Russell etc., have made a distinction between thought corresponding to reality, coherent abstractions, and that which cannot even be rationally thought.

His most important original philosophical work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence ( Tahafut al-tahafut ), in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahafut al-falasifa ).

His most important original philosophical work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence ( Tahafut al-tahafut ), in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahafut al-falasifa ).

W. K. C. Guthrie in The Greek Philosophers sees it as an error to regard the Socratic method as a means by which one seeks the answer to a problem, or knowledge.

Idle is an accomplished songwriter, having composed and performed many of the Pythons ' most famous comic pieces, including " Eric the Half-a-Bee ", " The Philosophers ' Song ", " Galaxy Song ", " Penis Song ( Not the Noel Coward Song )" and, probably his most recognised hit, " Always Look on the Bright Side of Life ", which was written for the closing scene of the Monty Python film Life of Brian, and sung from the crosses during the mass crucifixion.

* Roman Board Games — The Lines of the Twelve Philosophers, which may be related to XII scripta

Philosophers and social psychologists have noted that pride is a complex secondary emotion which requires the development of a sense of self and the mastery of relevant conceptual distinctions ( e. g., that pride is distinct from happiness and joy ) through language-based interaction with others.

The work by which he is known, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, was written in Greek and professes to give an account of the lives and sayings of the Greek philosophers.

Philosophers analyzing the allegory argue that the prisoners would ironically find the freed man stupid due to the current state of his eyes and temporarily not being able to see the shadows which are the world to the prisoners.

* Directly linked to the Shield Hall, the Philosophers ’ Room takes its name from the twelve pictures of ancient philosophers which were set up here in the 18th century, to be later replaced with allegorical works and portraits of Doges.

In notes dating from 1525 to 1543 he identifies twelve paintings and one drawing as by Giorgione, of which five of the paintings are identified virtually unanimously with surviving works by art historians: The Tempest, The Three Philosophers, Sleeping Venus, Boy with an Arrow, and Shepherd with a Flute ( not all accept the last as by Giorgione however ).

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) is most famous for his commentaries on Aristotle's works and for writing The Incoherence of the Incoherence in which he defended the falasifa against al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers.

Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it.

It has been pointed out that Tempier's main accusations are almost identical to those brought by Al-Ghazali against philosophers in general in his Incoherence of the Philosophers, which Averroës had tried to demonstrate to be unjustified in The Incoherence of the Incoherence.

Philosophers point out also that the exact meaning of simplest may be nuanced.

Philosophers, he suggests, may have made the error of hypostatizing simplicity ( i. e. endowed it with a sui generis existence ), when it has meaning only when embedded in a specific context ( Sober 1992 ).

Philosophers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.

Philosophers such as Karl Popper and John Eccles and quantum physicist Henry Stapp have theorized that such indeterminacy may apply even at the macroscopic scale.

Philosophers of mathematics sometimes assert that mathematicians choose axioms " arbitrarily ", but the truth is that although they may appear arbitrary when viewed only from the point of view of the canons of deductive logic, that is merely a limitation on the purposes that deductive logic serves.

The Deipnosophistae ( deipnon, " dinner ", and sophistai, " professors "; original Greek title, Deipnosophistai, English Deipnosophists ) may be translated as The Banquet of the Learned or Philosophers at Dinner or The Gastronomers.

Philosophers who argue against eliminativism may take several approaches.

Similar legends may be found in Wolfram von Eschenbach's description of the Holy Grail as the " Lapis Exillis ", guarded by the Knights Templar, or in the Philosophers ' stone of the alchemists, the " Lapis Elixir ".