Philosophers and scientists have responded to this difficulty in a variety of ways.

Philosophers are less concerned with establishing fixed, controlled vocabularies than are researchers in computer science, while computer scientists are less involved in discussions of first principles, such as debating whether there are such things as fixed essences or whether entities must be ontologically more primary than processes.

Philosophers and scientists such as Victor Reppert, William Hasker and Alvin Plantinga have developed an argument for dualism dubbed the " Argument from Reason " and credit C. S.

Philosophers and scientists who follow the Bayesian framework for inference use the mathematical rules of probability to find this best explanation.

Philosophers, scientists, and educators that have proposed theories of spiritual evolution include Schelling, Hegel, Max Théon, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henri Bergson, Rudolf Steiner, Sri Aurobindo, Jean Gebser, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Owen Barfield, Arthur M. Young, Edward Haskell, E. F. Schumacher, Erich Jantsch, Clare W. Graves, Alfred North Whitehead, Terence McKenna, P. R.

Philosophers and scientists including Victor Reppert, William Hasker, and Alvin Plantinga have expanded on the " Argument from Reason " and credit Lewis with first bringing the argument to light in Miracles.

Philosophers ( and other users of logic ) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing ( or intentionally adding ) ambiguity in arguments, because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.

Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

Philosophers Randall Dipert and Roderick Long have argued that Objectivist epistemology conflates the perceptual process by which judgments are formed with the way in which they are to be justified, thereby leaving it unclear how judgments with propositional structure can be validated by sensory data.

Philosophers also vary in the question of whether language is basically a tool for representing and referring to objects in the world, or whether it is a system used to construct mental representations of the world that can be shared and circulated between people.

Philosophers have investigated the criteria by which a scientific theory can be said to have successfully explained a phenomenon, as well as what gives a scientific theory explanatory power.

It can be argued that the attacks directed against the philosophers by Ghazali in his work, " Tahafut al-Falasifa " ( The Incoherence of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism.

: Philosophers, incidentally, say a great deal about what is absolutely necessary for science, and it is always, so far as one can see, rather naive, and probably wrong

It can be argued that the attacks directed against the philosophers by Al-Ghazali in his work, Tahafut al-Falasifa ( The Incoherence of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism.

( Philosophers disagree as to what things one can be loyal to.

Philosophers can eat if neither of their neighbors are eating.

Philosophers of science argue over the epistemological limits of such a consensus and some, including Thomas Kuhn, have pointed to the existence of scientific revolutions in the history of science as being an important indication that scientific consensus can, at times, be wrong.

Philosophers such as Annette Baier have made a difference between trust and reliance by saying that trust can be betrayed, whilst reliance can only be disappointed ( Baier 1986, 235 ).

His most important original philosophical work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence ( Tahafut al-tahafut ), in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahafut al-falasifa ).

His most important original philosophical work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence ( Tahafut al-tahafut ), in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahafut al-falasifa ).

The work by which he is known, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, was written in Greek and professes to give an account of the lives and sayings of the Greek philosophers.

Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.

His first published work was the 1921 Inamicul viermelui de mătase (" The Silkworm's Enemy "), followed by Cum am găsit piatra filosofală (" How I Found the Philosophers ' Stone ").

Although Al-Ghazali ( d. 1111 ) was not entirely in agreement with the Ash ' ari school, the most influential work of the Asharite thought became his treatise The Incoherence of the Philosophers.

A particular way of doing philosophy with children is illustrated by the work of Chris Phillips with the Philosophers Club at Cesar Chavez Elementary School in the Mission District, San Francisco, California.

She also wrote the satirical novel Memoirs of Modern Philosophers ( 1800 ), and the anti-Jacobin Letters of a Hindoo Rajah in 1796, a work in the tradition of Montesquieu and Goldsmith.

' Sayings of the Philosophers ' are remarks of the philosophers gathered at the tomb of Alexander, who utter a series of apophthegms on the theme of the brevity of life and the transience of human achievement ... a work entitled ' Sayings of the Philosophers ' was first composed in Syriac in the sixth century ; a longer Arabic version was composed by Hunayan Ibn Ishaq ( 809-973 ) the distinguished scholar-translator, and a still longer one by al-Mubashshir ibn Fatiq ( who also wrote a book about Alexander ) around 1053.

In fact, the attacks directed against the philosophers by Gazzali in his work, " TuḦfat al-Falasafa " ( The Destruction of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism, they thereafter making their theories clearer and their logic closer.

Philosophers of science and economists have explored these issues intensively since the work of Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel Hausman dating to 3 decades ago.

He also wrote Rythmomachia ( 1572 ), which he dedicated to Camille Paleotti, a Senator of Bologna, a work that is based on the mathematical game of the same name, also known as " The Philosophers ' Game.

His chief work is the Successions of Philosophers drawn from personal knowledge, with considerable fragments preserved in Athenaeus and Diogenes Laërtius.

Between 1424 and 1433 he worked on the translation of the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius, which came to be widely circulated in manuscript form and was published at Rome in 1472 ( the first printed edition of the Lives ; the Greek text was printed only in 1533 ).

From at least the days of the Greek Philosophers, the relationship between faith and reason has been hotly debated.

Philosophers are not interested in the " Ship of Theseus " problem per se, but to a more basic problem which is this: How does one decide that X is the same as Y, where X describes something at one time, and Y describes another thing at a later time?

The group at this time is sometimes referred to as the " Lunar circle ", though this is a later description used by historians, and the group themselves used a variety of less specific descriptions, including " Birmingham Philosophers " or simply " fellow-schemers ".

Philosophers are, or at least are expected to be, very good at giving arguments.

At the Philosophers ’ Conference of October 1962 in Münster, at which Habermas wrote that Adorno was " A writer among bureaucrats ", Adorno presented " Progress.

* Intellectual Biography of Nikolai Trubetzkoy at the Gallery of Russian Thinkers ( International Society for Philosophers )

Philosophers such as Michael of Cesena, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham who advocated a form of church / state separation were now protected at the emperor's court in Munich.

Edward V as Prince of Wales, part of a miniature of the presentation of Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers at the court of Edward IV, Christmas 1477

During the same time, he became the leading professor at the newly founded University of Constantinople, bearing the honorary title of " Consul of the Philosophers " ().

Philosophers such as Karl Popper and John Eccles and quantum physicist Henry Stapp have theorized that such indeterminacy may apply even at the macroscopic scale.

After both of them had returned to England, one of the first, if not the first, books printed in England was Rivers ' translation from French of the Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, printed by Caxton at Westminster in 1477.

In 1664 he published at London an edition of the Lives of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laertius that contains an unedited anonymous life of Aristotle ; this life was known as ' Vita Menagiana ' before the critical edition by Ingemar Düring, Aristotle in the ancient biographical tradition Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1957 ; reprinted New York, Garland, 1987, pp. 80 – 93 ) with the title ' Vita Hesychii ' ( the attribution to Hesychius of Miletus is controversial ).

According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “ diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred ” ( Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 1. 55: Solon ; Greek ).

According to Baird's Manual, nine undergraduates at Union College in Schenectady, New York — John Hart Hunter, John McGeoch, Isaac W. Jackson, Thomas Hun, Orlando Meads, James Proudfit, and Joseph Anthony Constant of the class of 1826, and Arthur Burtis and Joseph Law of the Class of 1827 — established the Society on November 26, 1825 from an informal group calling itself The Philosophers, which was established by Hunter, Jackson, and Hun in 1823.

The Deipnosophistae ( deipnon, " dinner ", and sophistai, " professors "; original Greek title, Deipnosophistai, English Deipnosophists ) may be translated as The Banquet of the Learned or Philosophers at Dinner or The Gastronomers.

* Library of Living Philosophers Records, 1938-1981 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center

* " Bruces ' Philosophers Song " – The University of Woolloomooloo's Philosophy Department throws cans of Foster's Lager at the audience and perform " The Philosophers ' Song ", accompanied by large Gilliam cutouts, detailing the drinking habits of history's great thinkers and project lyrics for the audience and viewers to sing along to.