Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

Category: Philosophers who committed suicide

Philosophers who have criticized the concept of human rights include Jeremy Bentham, Edmund Burke, Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx.

Philosophers such as Condorcet, who drafted the French revolutionary chart for a people's education under the rule of reason, dismissed rhetoric as an instrument of oppression in the hands of clerics in particular.

Philosophers such as Michael of Cesena, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham who advocated a form of church / state separation were now protected at the emperor's court in Munich.

Category: Philosophers who committed suicide

Category: Philosophers who committed suicide

" 1999, p. 4 Even stronger doubts arose concerning Psellos ' student, John Italos, who succeeded Psellos as Consul of the Philosophers ( Hypatos ton Philosophon ).

Category: Philosophers who committed suicide

Category: Philosophers who committed suicide

Philosophers of the late 20th century who have written significant works on the subject of dignity include Mortimer Adler and Alan Gewirth.

According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “ diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred ” ( Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 1. 55: Solon ; Greek ).

Philosophers often link concept of optimism with the name of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who held that we live in the best of all possible worlds, or that God created a physical universe that applies the laws of physics, which Voltaire famously mocked in his satirical novel Candide.

Philosophers who study informal logic have compiled large lists of them, and cognitive psychologists have documented many biases in human reasoning that favor incorrect reasoning.

Philosophers and scientists who follow the Bayesian framework for inference use the mathematical rules of probability to find this best explanation.

Philosophers who argue against eliminativism may take several approaches.

Philosophers who worry about ceteris paribus analyses do not worry about this sort ; their worries are focused on ceteris paribus clauses that are not even eliminable in principle.

" This seems to echo a statement attributed to Aristotle by Diogenes Laërtius in his The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, where the sage was asked what those who tell lies gain by it and he answered " that when they speak truth they are not believed ".

Sir, I must now again beg you, not to let your resentments run so high, as to deprive us of your third book, wherein the application of your mathematical doctrine to the theory of comets and several curious experiments, which, as I guess by what you write, ought to compose it, will undoubtedly render it acceptable to those, who will call themselves Philosophers without Mathematics, which are much the greater number.

Category: Philosophers who died in Nazi concentration camps

Diogenes Laertius, who lived in the 3rd century, wrote Lives, Teachings, and Sayings of Famous Philosophers, a useful, though often unreliable, sourcebook.

Philosophers who subscribe to this view generally point out that a property owner's rights are nevertheless not unlimited, and that they are constrained by morality.

' Sayings of the Philosophers ' are remarks of the philosophers gathered at the tomb of Alexander, who utter a series of apophthegms on the theme of the brevity of life and the transience of human achievement ... a work entitled ' Sayings of the Philosophers ' was first composed in Syriac in the sixth century ; a longer Arabic version was composed by Hunayan Ibn Ishaq ( 809-973 ) the distinguished scholar-translator, and a still longer one by al-Mubashshir ibn Fatiq ( who also wrote a book about Alexander ) around 1053.

Philosophers in ancient societies were interested in how humans acquired the ability to understand and produce language well before empirical methods for testing those theories were developed, but for the most part they seemed to regard language acquisition as a subset of man's ability to acquire knowledge and learn concepts.

Edward V as Prince of Wales, part of a miniature of the presentation of Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers at the court of Edward IV, Christmas 1477

* Philosophers such as Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos have popularized the idea, that criticism is a normal part of scientific activity.

Philosophers from the lands that currently are part of Spain.

Stonyhurst applied for recognition as an institution preparing for London degrees, and this right was granted it in 1840, allowing both lay and clerical students to prepare for London University degrees: the lay students were called " Philosophers ", as had been the students at Liège back in the 1620s.

The New Philosophers rejected what they saw as the power-worship of the Left, a tradition which they traced back to at least Hegel and Marx.

Often referred to today in France simply as BHL, he was one of the leaders of the " Nouveaux Philosophes " ( New Philosophers ) movement in 1976.

Philosophers Steven Best and Douglas Kellner view VHEMT's stance as extreme, but they note that the movement formed in response to extreme stances found in " modern humanism ".

Berman is also sometimes associated with the " New Philosophers " movement in France.

Philosophers have many differing views on what the fundamental categories of being are.

The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three letters, which are to be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius ' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, reported as well in Diogenes ' book X, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.

Philosophers are not interested in the " Ship of Theseus " problem per se, but to a more basic problem which is this: How does one decide that X is the same as Y, where X describes something at one time, and Y describes another thing at a later time?

Philosophers such as Patricia Churchland posit that the drug-mind interaction is indicative of an intimate connection between the brain and the mind, not that the two are the same entity.

Philosophers Randall Dipert and Roderick Long have argued that Objectivist epistemology conflates the perceptual process by which judgments are formed with the way in which they are to be justified, thereby leaving it unclear how judgments with propositional structure can be validated by sensory data.

Philosophers are, or at least are expected to be, very good at giving arguments.

Philosophers are in the business of investigating all sorts of those areas of ignorance.

Philosophers distinguish internalist accounts, which assume that perceptions of objects, and knowledge or beliefs about them, are aspects of an individual's mind, and externalist accounts, which state that they constitute real aspects of the world external to the individual.

Philosophers of law are also concerned with a variety of philosophical problems that arise in particular legal subjects, such as constitutional law, contract law, criminal law, and torts.

Philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Maimonides, Aquinas and Hegel are sometimes said to have argued that reason must be fixed and discoverable — perhaps by dialectic, analysis, or study.

Philosophers are less concerned with establishing fixed, controlled vocabularies than are researchers in computer science, while computer scientists are less involved in discussions of first principles, such as debating whether there are such things as fixed essences or whether entities must be ontologically more primary than processes.

Philosophers have long ignored this problem and devised systems of ethics that are powerless against our temporally biased policies.

Philosophers analyzing the allegory argue that the prisoners would ironically find the freed man stupid due to the current state of his eyes and temporarily not being able to see the shadows which are the world to the prisoners.

In notes dating from 1525 to 1543 he identifies twelve paintings and one drawing as by Giorgione, of which five of the paintings are identified virtually unanimously with surviving works by art historians: The Tempest, The Three Philosophers, Sleeping Venus, Boy with an Arrow, and Shepherd with a Flute ( not all accept the last as by Giorgione however ).

Philosophers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.

It has been pointed out that Tempier's main accusations are almost identical to those brought by Al-Ghazali against philosophers in general in his Incoherence of the Philosophers, which Averroës had tried to demonstrate to be unjustified in The Incoherence of the Incoherence.

Philosophers and authors interested in the nature of love, which may not have been mentioned in this article are Jane Austen, Stendhal, Schopenhauer, George Meredith, Proust, D. H. Lawrence, Freud, Sartre, de Beauvoir, Hemingway, Henry Miller, Deleuze, Alan Soble and Ayn Rand.

Philosophers can eat if neither of their neighbors are eating.