Using first-hand remarks ( which would later be published in Philosophical Investigations, Culture and Value, and other works ), philosophers such as Peter Winch and Norman Malcolm developed what has come to be known as contemplative philosophy, a Wittgensteinian school of thought rooted in the " Swansea tradition " and which includes Wittgensteinians such as Rush Rhees, Peter Winch and D. Z. Phillips, among others.

Philosophical action theory, or the philosophy of action, should not be confused with sociological theories of social action, such as the action theory established by Talcott Parsons.

Though Derrida addressed the American Philosophical Association at least on one occasion in 1988, and was highly regarded by some contemporary philosophers like Richard Rorty, Alexander Nehamas, and Stanley Cavell, his work has been regarded by other analytic philosophers, such as John Searle and Willard Van Orman Quine, as pseudophilosophy or sophistry.

Philosophical schools such as Advaita ( non-dualism ) see the " spirit " within each living entity as being fully identical with Brahman – the Principle, whereas other schools such as Dvaita ( dualism ) differentiate between the individual atma in living beings, and the Supreme atma ( Paramatma ) as being at least partially separate beings.

Pennyroyal was such a popular herb that the Royal Society published an article on its use against rattlesnakes in the first volume of its Philosophical Transactions in 1665.

Cavendish also published collections of letters, such as Sociable Letters and Philosophical Letters ( 1664 ), orations, as in her collection entitled Orations ( 1662 ), and plays, many of which are printed in Plays Never Before Published ( 1668 ).

It developed as a compendium ( with multiple authorship ) from Philosophical Considerations Touching the Being of Witches and Witchcraft ( 1666 ), addressed to Robert Hunt, a Justice of the Peace active from the 1650s against witches in Somerset ( where Glanvill had his living at Frome ); the 1668 version A Blow at Modern Sadducism promoted the view that the judicial procedures such as Hunt's court offered should be taken as adequate tests of evidence, because to argue otherwise was to undermine society at its legal roots.

Herder was at his best during this period, and produced works such as his unfinished Outline of a Philosophical History of Humanity which largely originated the school of historical thought.

Texts such as John P. Burgess ' Philosophical Logic, the Blackwell Companion to Philosophical Logic, or the multi-volume Handbook of Philosophical Logic ( edited by Dov M. Gabbay and Franz Guenthner ) address this latter meaning of the term, with classical logic included as a core component however.

Philosophical texts from this era such as the Katha Upanishad, Shvetashvatara Upanishad and Bhagavad Gita have clear references to Samkhyan terminology and concepts.

" Philosophical experiments: containing useful, and necessary instructions for such as undertake long voyages at sea.

UCC societies also regularly attract high-profile speakers such as Robert Fisk who addressed the Law Society, Nick Leeson and Senator David Norris, who was the 2009 / 2010 honorary president of the UCC Philosophical Society or " Philisoph ".

Through its published Transactions the Society now came in touch with several distinguished scholarly Associations abroad such as the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, the Linnean Society of London, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Society of Antiquities of England.

The first major influence on the Philosophical Dictionary is Voltaire's visit to England, which gave him the opportunity to compare the problems in France with a place that had free press and to become better acquainted with important and influential thinkers such as Locke and Newton.

Philosophical concepts of progress ( such as those expounded by the German philosopher G. W. F.

" The Encyclopedia of Psychology " Motivation: Philosophical Theories " says, " Some mental states seem capable of triggering action, while others — such as cognitive states — apparently have a more subordinate role terms of motivation ... some behavior qualifies as motivated action, but some does not.

Several scientific clubs, such as the Philosophical Club and the Red Lion Club, were formed in the late 19th century, but these organisations lacked the scientific professionalism that serious scientists, including those members of the X Club such as Hooker and Huxley, sought.

Edward Wollstonecraft was active in local affairs, and involved in a number of societies and organisations in the colony, such as the Philosophical Society of Australasia ( now the Royal Society of New South Wales ), of which he was a founding member, and the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales, which organisation he served in the capacity of Steward and Secretary during the 1820s.

Edmund Burke was believed to be particularly charmed by Pope's articulation of love after marriage, inspiring Burke's essay A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful ( 1756 ).

* Devi, Savitri, Tripod. com A Son of God ( Philosophical Publishing House, 1946 ); subsequent editions published as Son of the Sun: The Life and Philosophy of Akhnaton, King of Egypt ( Supreme Grand Lodge of A. M. O. R. C., 1956 ); part III of The Lightning and the Sun is focused on Akhnaten.

Philosophical speculation was of concern to the elite, and even the great Advaitist scholar Adi Shankaracharya, when questioned as to the way to God, said that chanting the name of the lord was essential.

Having left the university in 1816 he held successively a number of curacies, and in 1827 he published Essays on the Philosophical Evidence of Christianity, followed by a volume of Parochial Sermons illustrative of the Importance of the Revelation of God in Jesus Christ ( 1828 ).

His theory of alienation, developed in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 ( published in 1932 ), inspired itself from Feuerbach's critique of the alienation of Man in God through the objectivation of all his inherent characteristics ( thus man projected on God all qualities which are in fact man's own quality which defines the " human nature ").

A benchmark in Royce ’ s career and thought occurred when he returned to California to speak to the Philosophical Union at Berkeley, and ostensibly to defend his concept of God from the criticisms of George Holmes Howison, Joseph Le Conte, and Sidney Mezes, a meeting the New York Times called “ a battle of the giants .” There Royce offered a new modal version of his proof for the reality of God based upon ignorance rather than error, based upon the fragmentariness of individual existence rather than its epistemological uncertainty.

His major fields of specialty are History of Christology, especially Patristic, Medieval and Contemporary, History of Trinitarian Theology, History of Soteriology, and Philosophical Notions of God.

God, philosophy, universities: A Selective History of the Catholic Philosophical Tradition.

He is the author or editor of a number of books, including Atheism: A Philosophical Justification ( 1989 ), The Case Against Christianity ( 1991 ), Atheism, Morality, and Meaning ( 2002 ), The Impossibility of God ( 2003 ), The Improbability of God ( 2006 ), and The Cambridge Companion to Atheism ( 2006 ).

* Divine Discourse: Philosophical Reflections on the Claim That God Speaks.

* God and Morality: A Philosophical History, ( Malden, Mass.

Philosophical theism is the belief that God exists ( or must exist ) independent of the teaching or revelation of any particular religion.

The Philosophical Society of Australasia later offered to reimburse Hume for any costs incurred in recovering a specimen of the unknown animal, but for various reasons, Hume did not return to the lake.

Mesmer himself wrote to Washington on June 16, 1784, confirming that Lafayette could speak on his behalf, which he did before the American Philosophical society and elsewhere.

These papers had been read before the Philosophical Society of New South Wales and, though the title did not show it, a third paper on the Aborigines of the Lower Murray and Darling was included in the publication.

With a royal dispensation, she was allowed to enter university in Uppsala in 1872, the year before studies at the Philosophical faculty would actually be made generally available to women.

However, Weintraub claims in The Philosophical Quarterly that although Sextus ' approach to the problem appears different, Hume's approach was actually an application of another argument raised by Sextus:

In medieval times, any research outside the fields of theology or medicine was called " philosophy ", hence the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is a scientific journal dating from 1665, the Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph. D .) degree covers a wide range of subjects, and the Cambridge Philosophical Society is actually concerned with what we would now call science and not modern philosophy.

Wittgenstein pointed out in his Philosophical Investigations that what counts as a " simple " in one circumstance might not do so in another.

A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences ( 1817 – 1830 ) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of " mutual recognition.

In 1999, his posthumously published Philosophical Investigations ( 1953 ) was ranked as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy by the Baruch Poll, standing out as "... the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations ".

In remark # 23 of Philosophical Investigations he points out that the practice of human language is more complex than the simplified views of language that have been held by those who seek to explain or simulate human language by means of a formal system.

The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre published a book in 2006 titled, Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue, 1913-1922, in which he contrasted Stein's living out of her own personal philosophy with Martin Heidegger, whose actions during the Nazi era according to MacIntyre suggested a " bifurcation of personality.

He joined the Philosophical Society and frequented a German bookstore where many intellectuals hung out.

Philosophical skepticism is distinguished from methodological skepticism in that philosophical skepticism is an approach that denies the possibility of certainty in knowledge, whereas methodological skepticism is an approach that subjects all knowledge claims to scrutiny with the goal of sorting out true from false claims.

In 1857 the Philosophical Institute formed an Exploration Committee with the aim of investigating the practicability of fitting out an exploring expedition.

Although some have separated Marx's works between a " young Marx " ( in particular the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 ) and a " mature Marx " or also by separating it into purely philosophical works, economics works and political and historical interventions, Étienne Balibar ( 1993 ) has pointed out that Marx's works can be divided into " economic works " ( Das Kapital, 1867 ), " philosophical works " and " historical works " ( The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, the 1871 Civil War in France which concerned the Paris Commune and acclaimed it as the first " dictatorship of the proletariat ", etc.

Kripke quotes section § 201 as follows: “ this was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule .” Kripke holds this passage presents the reader with a novel form of philosophical skepticism, one, he claims, that is central to Philosophical Investigations.

In his book Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century, Volume 1: The Dawn of Analysis Scott Soames ( pp 360 – 361 ) has pointed out that Quine's circularity argument needs two of the logical positivists ' central theses to be effective:

The journal started out in 1800 as the Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

The main British creationist movement in this period was the Evolution Protest Movement, formed in the 1930s out of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain, which was founded in 1865, as a response to the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species and Essays and Reviews.

Creation out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration ( 2004 ) Chapters 6 – 8.

He once told a friend to ‘ watch out for the next issue of Philosophical Magazine ; it is highly radioactive !’ Aside from his work on understanding radioactivity, Rutherford proposed the experiments of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden that verified his nuclear model of the atom and led to Niels Bohr ’ s famous paper on planetary electrons, which was published in the journal in 1913.