Pope Pius I opposed the Valentinians and Gnostics under Marcion, whom he excommunicated.

He gradually drifted further and further from his alliance with Caesar, eventually marrying the daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Cornelianus Scipio Nasica, one of the boni (" Good Men "), an archconservative faction of the Senate steadfastly opposed to Caesar.

Pius VIII accepted the situation on mixed marriages between Protestants and Catholics in Germany, but opposed liberalising tendencies in Ireland and Poland.

Furthermore, the archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, one of the leading Catholic figures opposed to the reforms brought by the Second Vatican Council, created in 1970 the Society of St. Pius X.

He spent the next few months in Rome, sharing the general enthusiasm over the supposed liberalism of the new pope, Pius IX ; like Vincenzo Gioberti he believed in an Italian confederation under papal auspices, and was opposed to the Radical wing of the Liberal party.

'" Pope Pius XI instituted the feast of Christ the King in 1925 to remind Christians that their allegiance was to their spiritual ruler in heaven as opposed to earthly supremacy, which was claimed by Benito Mussolini.

The CRIF has opposed the beatification of Pius XII, stating that a majority of independent historians did not agree with the position that Pius worked ceaselessly to save Jews.

Pius opposed the Empire's annexation of the Papal States, and he refused to renounce his temporal powers.

Regardless of his working relationship with Pompey in Spain, Metellus Pius ’ politics meant that he was opposed to Pompey ’ s continued irregular extra-magisterial career throughout the 60s BC.

In his Syllabus of Errors, still highly controversial, Pius IX condemned the heresies of secular society, especially modernism.

Some of them confuse the alleged oath with the oath against modernism that Pope Pius X mandated for those taking up certain offices in the Church.

He taught for many years in Saint-Brieuc, then went to study in Paris, where he influenced the reformist Alfred Firmin Loisy, a founder of the failed movement to bring Catholicism into sympathy with science, the modern social sciences and philosophy, called " Catholic modernism ," which eventually precipitated the crisis in the Church under Pope Pius X in the years around 1907.

The year 1907 was a crucial one for a young Roman Catholic who longed to become a writer, especially one whose idols had been poets such as Richard Dehmel and Frank Wedekind ; for it was in 1907 that Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis bitterly condemning modernism in the arts.

Pope Pius the Sixth, at Rome, in April, 1778, wrote the following: `` The faithful should be excited to the reading of the Holy Scriptures: For these are the most abundant sources which ought to be left open to everyone, to draw from them purity of morals and of doctrine, to eradicate errors which are so widely disseminated in these corrupt times ''.

One of his first acts as Emperor was to persuade the Senate to grant divine honours to Hadrian, which they had at first refused ; his efforts to persuade the Senate to grant these honours is the most likely reason given for his title of Pius ( dutiful in affection ; compare pietas ).

* 1865 – Astronomer Pietro Angelo Secchi demonstrates the Secchi disk, which measures water clarity, aboard Pope Pius IX's yacht, the L ’ Immaculata Concezion.

In the pontificate of Pius II, their number, which had been fixed at twenty-four, had overgrown to such an extent as to diminish considerably the individual remuneration, and, as a consequence, able and competent men no longer sought the office, and hence the old style of writing and expediting the Bulls was no longer used, to the great injury of justice, the interested parties, and the dignity of the Holy See.

Pius V ( pope 1566 – 1572 ), however, while sanctioning those which could show at least 200 years of existence, made the Roman obligatory in all other places.

The Roman Breviary has undergone several revisions: The most remarkable of these is that by Francis Quignonez, cardinal of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ( 1536 ), which, though not accepted by Rome ( it was approved by Clement VII and Paul III, and permitted as a substitute for the unrevised Breviary, until Pius V in 1568 excluded it as too short and too modern, and issued a reformed edition ( Breviarium Pianum, Pian Breviary ) of the old Breviary ), formed the model for the still more thorough reform made in 1549 by the Church of England, whose daily morning and evening services are but a condensation and simplification of the Breviary offices.

This petition was complied with by Pope Pius IV, January 26, 1564, in the papal bull, Benedictus Deus, which enjoins strict obedience upon all Catholics and forbids, under pain of excommunication, all unauthorized interpretation, reserving this to the Pope alone and threatens the disobedient with " the indignation of Almighty God and of his blessed apostles, Peter and Paul.

Traditionalist Roman Catholic groups, congregations and clergymen, however, continue to support missionizing Jews according to traditional patterns, sometimes with success ( e. g., the Society of St. Pius X which has notable Jewish converts among its faithful, many of whom have become traditionalist priests ).

* 1854 – In his Apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogmatic definition of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Virgin Mary was born free of original sin.

* Universalis Ecclesiae, a bull of Pope Pius IX that recreated the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, which had gone underground with the death of the last Marian bishop in the reign of Elizabeth I

In the belief that the revolt had been successful, Pope Pius V issued a bull in 1570, titled Regnans in Excelsis, which declared " Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime " to be excommunicate and a heretic, releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her.

On the other hand, during rehearsals, workmen in the theater stopped what they were doing during Va, pensiero and applauded at the conclusion of this haunting melody while the growth of the " identification of Verdi's music with Italian nationalist politics " is judged to have begun in the summer 1846 in relation to a chorus from Ernani in which the name of one of its characters, " Carlo ", was changed to " Pio ", a reference to Pope Pius IX's grant of an amnesty to political prisoners.

The Second Vatican Council did not speak of any of these concrete methods … This is a different standpoint than that taken under Pius XI some thirty years which was also maintained by his successor ... we can sense here a clear development in the Church, a development, which is also going on outside the Church.

There is also a particular view in ecclesiastical history and in the history of dogmas which has been described as historicist by Pope Pius XII in the encyclical Humani Generis.

Pius IX, at the beginning of his pontificate, and again after 1851, appointed commissions to investigate the whole subject, and he was advised that the doctrine was one which could be defined and that the time for a definition was opportune.

It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851 – 1853, promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for " Ineffable God "), which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception:

It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term " conception " in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX.

While he was in prison, Pope Pius IX sent Davis a portrait inscribed with the Latin words, " Venite ad me omnes qui laboratis, et ego reficiam vos, dicit Dominus ", which comes from Matthew 11: 28 and translates as, " Come to me all ye who labor and are heavy burdened and I will give you rest, sayeth the Lord.

Nothing is known of him or of the date at which he lived ; the times of Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, the beginning of the 3rd century, and the age of Diocletian and Constantine have all been suggested.

* Pope St. Pius X's encyclical Pascendi, in which he defines Modernism as " the synthesis of all heresies ".

Later, Pope Pius XI on 2 June 1927 decreed the Comma Johanneum was open to dispute and Pope Pius XII on 3 September 1943 decreed the Divino Afflante Spiritu which allowed translations based on other versions than just the Latin Vulgate, notably in English the New American Bible.

The concordat of 1933, with which the Vatican sought to protect the Church in Germany, and Hitler sought the destruction of ' political Catholicism ', and Pius ' leadership of the Catholic Church during World War II, including his " decision to stay silent in public about the fate of the Jews ", remain the subject of controversy.

Mussolini's foreign minister claimed that Pius XII was " ready to let himself be deported to a concentration camp, rather than do anything against his conscience.

He also shows that no individual Jews were spared, as is often claimed, after Pius personally intervened with the Nazis.

Several centuries later the legend was claimed as fact by Pope Pius II.

Pius as a cognomen originated as way to mark a person as especially " pious " in this sense: announcing one's personal pietas through official nomenclature seems to have been an innovation of the late Republic, when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius claimed it for his efforts to have his father, Numidicus, recalled from exile.

The apostle Paul claimed rank and privilege as a Roman citizen on account of his birth at Tarsus ; the Caledonian tribes in the south of Scotland were invested with the same rights by an edict of Antoninus Pius.

Because he could not travel without effectively acknowledging the authority of the king, Pius IX and his successors each claimed to be a " Prisoner in the Vatican ", unable to leave the papal enclave once they had ascended the papal thrones.

* Some right-wing Roman Catholics also claimed Giuseppe Siri ( 20 May 1906 – 2 May, 1989 ) had been elected as Pope Pius XII's successor in 1958 but that his election was in effect vetoed under Communist threat that Catholics in Communist countries would be persecuted if Siri, who allegedly had announced that he wished to be known as Pope Gregory XVII, was accepted as Pope.

The Papal encyclical Etsi multa of Pope Pius IX in 1873 claimed that Freemasonry was the motivating force behind the Kulturkampf.

Several centuries later the legend was claimed as fact by Pope Pius II, who himself also walked ten miles barefoot in the ice and snow as an act of pious thanksgiving.

During a videotaped memorial entitled Malachi Martin Weeps For His Church, Rama Coomaraswamy, a sedevacantist cleric, claimed that Martin had told him that he had been secretly ordained a bishop during the reign of Pius XII in order to travel behind the Iron Curtain ordaining priests and bishops for the underground churches of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

It has been claimed that during World War II, Pius XII drew up a document with instructions that, if he were kidnapped by the Nazis, he was to be considered to have resigned his office, and the Cardinals were to flee to neutral Portugal and elect a successor.

Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, afterwards Pius X, succeeded in 1893 ; he was refused recognition by the Italian Government, which claimed the right of nomination formerly employed by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria and in earlier times by the Venetian Senate, but after eleven months this pretension was abandoned.

Traditionalist Catholics who, like the supporters of the Society of St. Pius X, questioned the legitimacy and doctrinal exactitude of the revised liturgy, and were thus in a state of separation from the Holy See, claimed that no authorization was required for celebrating Mass in the older form.