Placebos are widely used in medical research and medicine, and the placebo effect is a pervasive phenomenon ; in fact, it is part of the response to any active medical intervention.

Placebos can act similarly through classical conditioning, wherein a placebo and an actual stimulus are used simultaneously until the placebo is associated with the effect from the actual stimulus.

Placebos also do not work as strongly in clinical trials because the subjects do not know whether they might be getting a real treatment or a sham one.

Placebos were widespread in medicine until the 20th century, and they were sometimes endorsed as necessary deceptions.

Placebos are more effective in intense pain than mild pain ; and they produce progressively weaker effects with repeated administration.

Placebos represented as alcohol can cause intoxication and sensorimotor impairment.

Placebos can help smokers quit.

Placebos do not work for everyone.

* " Placebos are getting more effective.

While some suppression and some denial are not only necessary but healthy, the worker's clinical knowledge must determine how these defenses are being used, what healthy shifts in defensive adaptation are indicated, and when efforts at bringing about change can be most effectively timed.

To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

Many clinical tests were inconclusive, probably because it had been used as a surface antiseptic.

Analytical chemistry plays an increasingly important role in the pharmaceutical industry where, aside from QA, it is used in discovery of new drug candidates and in clinical applications where understanding the interactions between the drug and the patient are critical.

This has led to decreased use of captopril in clinical setting, although it is still used in scintigraphy of the kidney.

In clinical settings, candidiasis is commonly treated with antimycotics ; the antifungal drugs commonly used to treat candidiasis are topical clotrimazole, topical nystatin, fluconazole, and topical ketoconazole.

An international survey of psychiatrists in 66 countries comparing use of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV found the former was more often used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for research.

Originally, the procedure was used in clinical trials only on dachshunds that had suffered previous back incidents.

DNA modifying enzymes such as Taq DNA polymerase and some Bacillus enzymes used in clinical diagnostics and starch liquefaction are produced commercially by several biotechnology companies.

The differences in likelihood ratio between clinical tests can be used to prioritize clinical tests according to their usefulness in a given clinical situation.

In fact, flashing lights and hyperventilation are activating procedures used in clinical EEG to help trigger seizures to aid diagnosis.

Social franchising also refers to a technique used by governments and aid donors to provide essential clinical health services in the developing world.

Gel electrophoresis is a method used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and or size ( IEF agarose, essentially size independent ) and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge.

This approach is currently being used in several human clinical trials.

Somatic gene therapy represents the mainstream line of current basic and clinical research, where the therapeutic DNA transgene ( either integrated in the genome or as an external episome or plasmid ) is used to treat a disease in an individual.

In vitro diagnostics refers to a wide range of medical and veterinary laboratory tests that are used to diagnose diseases and monitor the clinical status of patients using samples of blood, cells or other tissues obtained from a patient.

On 1 January 1999 the ICD-10 ( without clinical extensions ) was adopted for reporting mortality, but ICD-9-CM was still used for morbidity.

This was followed by the ICD, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, known as ICD-9-CM, published by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and used by hospitals and other healthcare facilities to better describe the clinical picture of the patient.

An international survey of psychiatrists in 66 countries comparing use of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV found that the former was more often used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for research.

In clinical practice, MRI is used to distinguish pathologic tissue ( such as a brain tumor ) from normal tissue.

There have been no randomized clinical studies published in the available medical literature to show the macrobiotic diet can be used to prevent or cure cancer.

In clinical medicine, morphine is regarded as the gold standard, or benchmark, of opioid analgesics used to relieve severe or agonizing pain and suffering.

A number of salts of morphine are used, with the most common in current clinical use being the hydrochloride, sulfate, tartrate, and citrate ; less commonly methobromide, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, lactate, chloride, and bitartrate and the others listed below.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors were used as the active treatment in 7 trials ( n = 76 615 ) and angiotensin receptor blocker ( ARB ) in 13 trials ( n = 82 383 ).

A review of the methods used in trials of antipsychotics, despite stating that the overall quality is " rather good ," reported issues with the selection of participants ( including that in schizophrenia trials up to 90 % of people who are generally suitable do not meet the elaborate inclusion and exclusion criteria, and that negative symptoms have not been properly assessed despite companies marketing the newer antipsychotics for these ); issues with the design of trials ( including pharmaceutical company funding of most of them, and inadequate experimental " blinding " so that trial participants could sometimes tell whether they were on placebo or not ); and issues with the assessment of outcomes ( including the use of a minimal reduction in scores to show " response ," lack of assessment of quality of life or recovery, a high rate of discontinuation, selective highlighting of favorable results in the abstracts of publications, and poor reporting of side-effects ).

# Genetic variation in BCG strains: Genetic variation in the BCG strains used may explain the variable efficacy reported in different trials.

Even after the creation of the Church in Wales 1920, the 1662 book ( and its Welsh equivalent ) was used until 1966, when trials of new services began.

For lawyers and judges, the calendar is the docket used by the court to schedule the order of hearings or trials.

The use of expert witnesses is sometimes criticized in the United States because in civil trials, they are often used by both sides to advocate differing positions, and it is left up to a jury to decide which expert witness to believe.

Murray used 16th to 17th century French sources on supposed Witches ' Sabbaths in the context of the European witch trials to " reconstruct " a Witch Cult in Western Europe.

Some anticonvulsant medications do not have primary FDA-approved uses in epilepsy but are used in limited trials, remain in rare use in difficult cases, have limited " grandfather " status, are bound to particular severe epilepsies, or are under current investigation.

However, before this drug is used in the clinic, it must progress through a series of in vivo trials to determine if it is safe and effective in intact organisms ( typically small animals, primates and humans in succession ).

Jury trials are used in a significant share of serious criminal cases in all common law legal systems, and juries or lay judges have been incorporated into the legal systems of many civil law countries for criminal cases.

Consider Japan, for instance, which used to have optional jury trials for capital or other serious crimes between 1928 and 1943.

Fuchs ' statements to British and American intelligence agencies were used to implicate Harry Gold, a key witness in the trials of David Greenglass and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in the USA.

Juries are not used in trials.

Torture was undoubtedly used in the trial of the Templars, but is in fact not much found in heresy trials until the later fourteenth century.

In the United Kingdom, diamorphine is used extremely selectively and is not available on prescription to addicts ; except in specialist trials which involved no more than 300 participants.

Some of the debris was used as evidence in the conspirators ' trials, incorporated into memorials, donated to local schools, or sold to raise funds for relief efforts.

The Pearl Index, also called the Pearl rate, is the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a birth control method.

These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, and the side-by-side format used in the Olympic games.

Time trials are sometimes used to determine who competes in an event where there is a limited number of entries, for example the qualifying races for Henley Royal Regatta, and rowing on and getting on for the Oxford and Cambridge Bumps races respectively.

Gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors have so far been used in more than 300 clinical trials, addressing treatment options for various diseases.