Its name was changed by Lysimachus to Alexandria Troas, in memory of Alexander III of Macedon ( Pliny merely states that the name changed from Antigonia to Alexandria ).

There are few direct testimonies to the language of the Cimbri: Referring to the Northern Ocean ( the Baltic or the North Sea ), Pliny the Elder states: " Philemon says that it is called Morimarusa, i. e. the Dead Sea, by the Cimbri, until the promontory of Rubea, and after that Cronium.

Pliny claims that division was the work of Caligula, but Dio states that in 42 CE an uprising took place, which was subdued by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, only after which the division took place.

The earliest written references that have survived relating to the islands were made by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, where he states that there are 30 " Hebudes ", and makes a separate reference to " Dumna ", which Watson ( 1926 ) concludes is unequivocally the Outer Hebrides.

Pliny the Elder, an imperial Roman polymath, states that the games at Lykaion were the first to introduce gymnastic competition.

According to Pliny the Elder, the Greek Xenophon of Lampsacus states that the Gorgades ( Cape Verde ) are situated two days from " Hesperu Ceras "-today called Cap-Vert, the westernmost part of the African continent.

Pliny states that Chalcedon was first named Procerastis, a name which may be derived from a point of land near it: then it was named Colpusa, from the form of the harbour probably ; and finally Caecorum Oppidum, or the town of the blind.

Pliny states that Apelles made a number of useful innovations to the art of painting, but his recipe for a black varnish, called by Pliny atramentum — which served both to preserve his paintings and to soften their colour, and created an effect that Pliny praises to no end — Apelles kept secret and was lost with his death.

Pliny in his Natural History ( XXXVI, 37 ) states that it was located in the palace of the emperor Titus.

Pliny states that the Ptolemies introduced labdanum into ' the parts beyond Egypt .” It was known to the Greeks as early as the times of Herodotus ( 484-425 BC ) and Theophrastus ( 370-285 BC ).

Pliny the Elder, in his book " Natural History " writes: " The physician Apollodorus, in the work in which he wrote recommending King Ptolemy what wines in particular to drink -- for in his time the wines of Italy were not generally known -- has spoken in high terms of that of Naspercene in Pontus, next to which he places the Oretic, and then the Aeneatian, the Leucadian, the Ambraciotic, and the Peparethian, to which last he gives the preference over all the rest, though he states that it enjoyed an inferior reputation, from the fact of its not being considered fit for drinking until it had been kept six years.

Pliny states his belief that the Umbrians once held the north Adriatic coast, displacing Sicilians and Liburnians, and were in turn displaced by the Etruscans.

The Natural History of Pliny the Elder states, in a discussion of Druidic gathering of mistletoe ( Pliny NH 16. 95 ):

In Naturalis Historia 3. 13 Pliny states that the Celtici of Baetica ( now western Andalusia ) proceed of the Celtiberians of the Lusitania, since they shared common religions, languages, and names for their fortified settlements: Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis, quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur.

According to Zohary and Hopf, only humans of the poorest economic classes consume this crop, or in times of famine ; however, Pliny the Elder states that bitter vetch ( ervum ) has medicinal value like vetch ( vicia ), citing the letters of Augustus where the emperor wrote that he regained his health from a diet of bitter vetch ( N. H. 18. 38 ).

Pliny the Elder states that the name of the drug was given to it in honor of Euphorbus, the physician of Juba II, king of Mauretania.

Pasiteles is said by Pliny to have been a native of Magna Graecia, and to have been granted Roman citizenship.

According to Pliny, Pasiteles made an ivory statue of Jupiter for the temple of Metellus and made statues for the temple of Juno in the portico of Octavia.

engraving ) in the whole world ( quinque volumina nobilium operum in toto ), which Pliny calls mirabilia opera, stating that Pasiteles is a better guide to chased silver than Xenocrates or the other authorities.

In Pliny there is some alternation of the spelling " Paxiteles " with the spelling " Pasiteles.

Pliny, on the other hand, worked from east to west ( 4. 13. 94 ).

He revered his uncle, Pliny the Elder, and provides sketches of how his uncle worked on the Naturalis Historia.

The name is a corruption of alabandicus, which is the name applied by Pliny the Elder to a stone found or worked at Alabanda, a town in Caria in Asia Minor.

He represented figures, according to Pliny, " out of the straight ", and he developed ways of representing faces looking back, up, or down ; he also made the joints of the body clear, emphasized veins, worked out folds and doublings in garments ( according to Pliny ).

Pliny, knew the Iberian Peninsula, as he had worked there as an administrator during the reign of Vespasian.

According to Pliny, he also worked with silver.

The death of Laocoön was famously depicted in a much-admired marble Laocoön and his Sons, attributed by Pliny the Elder to the Rhodian sculptors Agesander, Athenodoros, and Polydorus, which stands in the Vatican Museums, Rome.

According to Pliny the Elder's Natural History, in order to conserve the marble of these sculptures, oil receptacles were placed in the temples so that the ivory would not crack.

Another city, on the southeast coast of the island at Meninx, was a major producer of murex dye, cited by Pliny the Elder as second only to Tyre in this respect ; substantial amounts of coloured marble testify to its wealth.

Just nearby, Pliny the Younger built his villa in Tuscis, which is identified with walls, mosaic floors and marble fragments surviving at a place now called Colle Plinio, the " Hill of Pliny ".

Pliny the Elder identified a version of it as the work of Rhodian artists Apollonius of Tralles and his brother Tauriscus, stating that it was commissioned at the end of the 2nd century BCE and carved from just one whole block of marble.

* Acragas ( silversmith ), an engraver or chaser in silver, mentioned by Pliny the Elder

According to Pliny the Elder Cantabria also contained gold, silver, tin, lead and iron mines, as well as magnetite and amber, but little is known about them ; Strabo also mentions salt extraction in mines, such as the ones existent around Cabezón de la Sal.

It enjoyed great prosperity, however, due to their growing of spelt, a grain that was put into groats, wine, roses, spices, unguents etc., and also owing to its manufacture, especially of bronze objects, of which both the elder Cato and the elder Pliny speak in the highest terms.

Also, interestingly, in Crabtree's recitation of the imaginary duel between Sir Peter and Charles Surface ( V. 2 ), the shot of Sir Peter bounces off a " little bronze Pliny " in the older version, but the bust is changed to one of " Shakspeare ( sic )" in the 1821 text.

According to Pliny, he produced more than 1, 500 works, all of them in bronze.

Pliny portrays Zenodorus as a well-reputed ancient artist of bronze statues, and describes Lysistratos of Sikyon, who takes plaster casts from living faces to create wax casts using the indirect process.

Pliny also mentions the use of lead, which is known to help molten bronze flow into all areas and parts of complex moulds.

Pliny is presenting an archaic view, as in his time amber was a precious stone brought from the Baltic at great expense, but the Germans, he says, use it for firewood, according to Pytheas.

She was a beautiful and reputable woman and according to Pliny the Elder, she had a double canine in her upper right jaw, a sign of good fortune.

The cognomen " Caesar " originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarean section ( from the Latin verb to cut, caedere, caes -).

Pliny is presenting an archaic view, as in his time amber was a precious stone brought from the Baltic at great expense, but the Germans, he says, use it for firewood, according to Pytheas.

* Libyan Aegipanes ( goat-pans ), which according to Pliny the Elder lived in Libya, had human heads and torsos, and the legs and horns of goats, and were similar to the Greek god Pan.

* Libyan Satyr, which according to Pliny the Elder lived in Libya and resembled humans with long, pointed ears and horse tails, similar to the Greek nature-spirit satyrs.

These were a major luxury art form and became keenly collected, with King Mithridates VI of Pontus the first major collector according to Pliny the Elder.

* The Roman encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder, in Natural History II. vi. 39, writes that the planet Mercury can be viewed " sometimes before sunrise and sometimes after sunset, but according to Cidenas and Sosigenes never more than 22 degrees away from the sun ".

The earliest collection was limited and kept secret, though according to Pliny the function of fertility was represented by the image of a male sex organ.

Pliny was considered an honest and moderate man, consistent in his pursuit of suspected Christian members according to Roman law, and rose through a series of Imperial civil and military offices, the cursus honorum ( see below ).

The plant called saliunca ( the wild or Celtic nard, a relative of the lavender ) grew in abundance and was used as a perfume according to Pliny the Elder.

In 334 BC the city regained its freedom through Alexander the Great who, according to Pliny ( HN 5. 116 ) and Pausanias ( 2. 1. 5 ), planned to cut a canal through the peninsula of Erythrae to connect Teos bay with the gulf of Smyrna.

According to one text the water-mill was first made in 555 by Belisarius, according to another they were known to Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius.

Further sculptures attributed to Polykleitos are the Discophoros (" Discus-bearer "), Diadumenos (" Youth tying a headband ") and a Hermes at one time placed, according to Pliny, in Lysimachia ( Thrace ).

Apelles allowed the superiority of some of his contemporaries in particular matters: according to Pliny he admired the dispositio of Melanthius, i. e. the way in which he spaced his figures, and the mensurae of Asclepiodorus, who must have been a great master of symmetry and proportion.

Its alleged practice helped justify the conquest of Gaul and both invasions of Britain as righteous acts of war in suppression of the Druids, the elite priestly class among the Gauls: according to Pliny the Elder, the British clung to the practice for as long as they could.

Pliny says he was the grandson of Aristotle by his daughter Pythias, but this is not confirmed by any other ancient writer ; and according to the Suda, he was the son of Cretoxena, the sister of the physician Medius, and Cleombrotus.

The original walls, which have disappeared, were, according to Pliny ( Hist.

), and, according to Pliny, ( from the Pseudostoma ).

Also, a formal statement by Pliny indicated the river Vistula as the western boundary of Dacia, according to Nicolet ( 1991 ).

However, according to Steinacher, the Adriatic Veneti, the Veneti of Gaul and the North Balkan / Paphlagonian Enetoi mentioned by Herodotus and Appian were not related to each other, nor to the Veneti / Venedi mentioned by Tacitus, Pliny and Ptolemy.

The Conventus Lucensis, according to Pliny, began at the river Navilubio, and contained 16 peoples ; besides the Celtici and Lebuni.

There is confusion over the correct location of Endymion, as some sources suppose that one was, or was related to, the prince of Elis, and the other was a shepherd from Caria — or, a later suggestion, an astronomer: Pliny the Elder mentions Endymion as the first human to observe the movements of the moon, which ( according to Pliny ) accounts for Endymion's love.

He was consul in the year of Nero's death ( 68 CE ), and afterward became a close friend and ally of the emperor Vitellius, whom he served, according to Pliny sapienter et comiter, wisely and amicably.