Its name was changed by Lysimachus to Alexandria Troas, in memory of Alexander III of Macedon ( Pliny merely states that the name changed from Antigonia to Alexandria ).

There are few direct testimonies to the language of the Cimbri: Referring to the Northern Ocean ( the Baltic or the North Sea ), Pliny the Elder states: " Philemon says that it is called Morimarusa, i. e. the Dead Sea, by the Cimbri, until the promontory of Rubea, and after that Cronium.

Pliny claims that division was the work of Caligula, but Dio states that in 42 CE an uprising took place, which was subdued by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, only after which the division took place.

The earliest written references that have survived relating to the islands were made by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, where he states that there are 30 " Hebudes ", and makes a separate reference to " Dumna ", which Watson ( 1926 ) concludes is unequivocally the Outer Hebrides.

Pliny the Elder, an imperial Roman polymath, states that the games at Lykaion were the first to introduce gymnastic competition.

According to Pliny the Elder, the Greek Xenophon of Lampsacus states that the Gorgades ( Cape Verde ) are situated two days from " Hesperu Ceras "-today called Cap-Vert, the westernmost part of the African continent.

Pliny states that Apelles made a number of useful innovations to the art of painting, but his recipe for a black varnish, called by Pliny atramentum — which served both to preserve his paintings and to soften their colour, and created an effect that Pliny praises to no end — Apelles kept secret and was lost with his death.

Pliny in his Natural History ( XXXVI, 37 ) states that it was located in the palace of the emperor Titus.

Pliny states that the Ptolemies introduced labdanum into ' the parts beyond Egypt .” It was known to the Greeks as early as the times of Herodotus ( 484-425 BC ) and Theophrastus ( 370-285 BC ).

Pliny the Elder, in his book " Natural History " writes: " The physician Apollodorus, in the work in which he wrote recommending King Ptolemy what wines in particular to drink -- for in his time the wines of Italy were not generally known -- has spoken in high terms of that of Naspercene in Pontus, next to which he places the Oretic, and then the Aeneatian, the Leucadian, the Ambraciotic, and the Peparethian, to which last he gives the preference over all the rest, though he states that it enjoyed an inferior reputation, from the fact of its not being considered fit for drinking until it had been kept six years.

Pliny states his belief that the Umbrians once held the north Adriatic coast, displacing Sicilians and Liburnians, and were in turn displaced by the Etruscans.

The Natural History of Pliny the Elder states, in a discussion of Druidic gathering of mistletoe ( Pliny NH 16. 95 ):

In Naturalis Historia 3. 13 Pliny states that the Celtici of Baetica ( now western Andalusia ) proceed of the Celtiberians of the Lusitania, since they shared common religions, languages, and names for their fortified settlements: Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis, quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur.

According to Zohary and Hopf, only humans of the poorest economic classes consume this crop, or in times of famine ; however, Pliny the Elder states that bitter vetch ( ervum ) has medicinal value like vetch ( vicia ), citing the letters of Augustus where the emperor wrote that he regained his health from a diet of bitter vetch ( N. H. 18. 38 ).

Pliny the Elder states that the name of the drug was given to it in honor of Euphorbus, the physician of Juba II, king of Mauretania.

Pliny states that Pasiteles worked in marble, silver, ivory, and bronze and, according to his contemporary Varro, never made a statue without first making a clay model.

Indeed, Strabo and Pliny relate that the oracle of Apollo had told the Athenians and Megarians who founded Byzantium to build their city opposite to the blind, and that the story was interpreted to mean Chalcedon, the ' City of the Blind '.

The name is derived from the type genus Apium, which was originally used by Pliny the Elder circa 50 AD for a celery-like plant.

This image of a fully mature " Venus rising from the sea " ( Venus Anadyomene ) was one of the iconic representations of Aphrodite, made famous in a much-admired painting by Apelles, now lost, but described in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder.

Antoninus ’ father and paternal grandfather died when he was young and he was raised by Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, his maternal grandfather, reputed by contemporaries to be a man of integrity and culture and a friend of Pliny the Younger.

Another early reference to Amber was Pytheas ( 330 BC ) whose work " On the Ocean " is lost, but was referenced by Pliny.

Pliny is presenting an archaic view, as in his time amber was a precious stone brought from the Baltic at great expense, but the Germans, he says, use it for firewood, according to Pytheas.

She was a beautiful and reputable woman and according to Pliny the Elder, she had a double canine in her upper right jaw, a sign of good fortune.

However, it is clear he was familiar with the works of Virgil and with Pliny the Elder's Natural History, and his monastery also owned copies of the works of Dionysius Exiguus.

The earliest bestiary in the form in which it was later popularized was an anonymous 2nd century Greek volume called the Physiologus, which itself summarized ancient knowledge and wisdom about animals in the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle's Historia Animalium and various works by Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Solinus, Aelian and other naturalists.

The event was witnessed by Pliny the Elder:

According to Pliny the Elder in Achaea, the garland worn by the winners of the sacred Nemean Games was also made of celery.

Pytheas's account was noted later by other writers including Pliny the Elder and Diodorus Siculus.

After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.

Other influential 2nd century authors include Juvenal and Pliny the Younger, the latter of whom was a friend of Tacitus and in 100 delivered his famous Panygericus Traiani before Trajan and the Roman Senate, exalting the new era of restored freedom while condemning Domitian as a tyrant.

The term encyclopaedia was coined by 15th century humanists who misread copies of their texts of Pliny and Quintilian, and combined the two Greek words " enkyklios paideia " into one word.

But by the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder was in a position to claim that everyone agrees on the spherical shape of Earth, although there continued to be disputes regarding the nature of the antipodes, and how it is possible to keep the ocean in a curved shape.

The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that books on magic were invented by the Persians, with the 1st century CE writer Pliny the Elder stating that magic had been first discovered by the ancient philosopher Zoroaster around the year 6347 BC, but that it was only written down in the 5th century BC by the magician Osthanes — his claims are not however supported by modern historians.

After mentioning that this fish was sacred to Hecate, Alan Davidson writes, " Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Pliny, Seneca and Suetonius have left abundant and interesting testimony to the red mullet fever which began to affect wealthy Romans during the last years of the Republic and really gripped them in the early Empire.

The cognomen " Caesar " originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarean section ( from the Latin verb to cut, caedere, caes -).

Later Pliny the Elder wrote that Sostratus was the architect, which is disputed.

The method of comparing hardness by seeing which minerals can scratch others, however, is of great antiquity, having first been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise On Stones, c. 300 BC, followed by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia, c. 77 AD.

Metal-coated glass mirrors are said to have been invented in Sidon ( modern-day Lebanon ) in the first century AD, and glass mirrors backed with gold leaf are mentioned by the Roman author Pliny in his Natural History, written in about 77 AD.

Pecorino Romano cheese, whose method of production was first described by Latin authors like Varro and Pliny the Elder about 2, 000 years ago, was first created in the countryside around Rome.

Stalactites are first mentioned ( though not by name ) by the Roman natural historian Pliny in a text which also mentions stalagmites and columns and refers to their creation by the dripping of water.

Pliny says that Topazos is a legendary island in the Red Sea and the mineral " topaz " was first mined there.

* Pliny the Elder publishes the first ten books of Naturalis Historia.

These were a major luxury art form and became keenly collected, with King Mithridates VI of Pontus the first major collector according to Pliny the Elder.

The thermal springs of Wiesbaden are first mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia.

Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, was thought to describe the first techniques of wax crayon drawings.

After being first tutored at home, Pliny went to Rome for further education.

The first century Roman historian Pliny the Elder discounted Sirens as pure fable, " although Dinon, the father of Clearchus, a celebrated writer, asserts that they exist in India, and that they charm men by their song, and, having first lulled them to sleep, tear them to pieces.

The very first written definition / discussion of volcanisim ( Effusive eruption ) observed at Katakekaumenē ( modern Kula, Western Turkey ) until Pliny the Younger witnessed to the eruption of Vesuvius on 24 August 79 ADPompeii

The generic name was first used by Pliny the Elder ( 23-79 ) for a plant also known as strychnos, most likely S. nigrum.

Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and fleet commander, wrote about a system of channels in Atria that was, " first made by the Tuscans, thus discharging the flow of the river across the marshes of the Atriani called the Seven Seas, with the famous harbor of the Tuscan town of Atria which formerly gave the name of Atriatic to the sea now called the Adriatic.

Possibly the first evidence for the use of an odometer can be found in the works of the ancient Roman Pliny ( NH 6.

When Pliny the Elder briefly sketches the origins of music he credits Thamyris with inventing the Dorian mode and with being the first to play the cithara as a solo instrument with no voice accompaniment.

The Abarimon people were first described by Pliny the Elder in his book, Natural History ( VII 11 ).

The first confirmed evidence of a dinosaur to be found in North America was unearthed in South Hadley by Pliny Moody while plowing in 1802, 40 years before dinosaurs were identified as a fossil group.

Leicester's Pliny Earle helped Samuel Slater build the first American mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, by building the first carding machine.

Its early role with carding machines, and the role that Pliny Earle played with the first water powered mill at Pawtucket, complete the case for inclusion on Leicester in this Federal NPS historic designation.