A decade and a half later, the Polish anthropology student, Bronisław Malinowski ( 1884 – 1942 ), was beginning what he expected to be a brief period of fieldwork in the old model, collecting lists of cultural items, when the outbreak of the First World War stranded him in New Guinea.

* 1915 – Tadeusz Kantor, Polish painter, set designer and theater director ( d. 1990 )

* 1930 – Michał Życzkowski, Polish technician ( d. 2006 )

* 1969 – Followers led by Charles Manson murder pregnant actress Sharon Tate ( wife of Roman Polanski ), coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Polish actor Wojciech Frykowski, men's hairstylist Jay Sebring and recent high-school graduate Steven Parent.

* 1983 – Alicja Smietana, Polish violinist

* 1920 – Polish – Soviet War: the Battle of Warsaw begins and will last till August 25.

* 1979 – Kasia Smutniak, Polish actress

* 1972 – Justyna Steczkowska, Polish singer-songwriter and actress

The Green Flag: Polish Populist Politics, 1867 – 1970 ( 1976 ).

* 1901 – Stefan Wyszyński, Polish cardinal ( d. 1981 )

* 1978 – Mariusz Jop, Polish footballer

* 1773 – Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer ( b. 1700 )

* 1882 – Ladislas Starevich, Polish animator ( d. 1965 )

* 1989 – Aleksandra Szwed, Polish actress and singer

* 1919 – Polish – Soviet War: The Polish army launches the Vilna offensive to capture Vilnius in modern Lithuania.

* 1899 – Osman Achmatowicz, Polish chemist ( d. 1988 )

* 1984 – Paweł Kieszek, Polish footballer

* 1898 – Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet ( d. 1966 )

* 1921 – August Kowalczyk, Polish actor, director, and Holocaust survivor ( d. 2012 )

* 1938 – Janusz Zajdel, Polish writer

* 1974 – Tomasz Suwary, Polish footballer

Variants of the name include: Alfonso ( Italian and Spanish ), Alfons ( Catalan, Dutch, German, Polish and Scandinavian ), Afonso ( Portuguese and Galician ), Affonso ( Ancient Portuguese ), Alphonse, Alfonse ( Italian, French and English ), Αλφόνσος Alphonsos ( Greek ), Alphonsus ( Latin ), Alphons ( Dutch ), Alfonsu in ( Leonese ), Alfonsas ( Lithuanian ).

* Sandra Croatian, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, German, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish Polish

The marriage took place on 30 April or 16 October 1325 and was a purely political maneuver to strengthen the first Polish – Lithuanian coalition against the Teutonic Knights.

This coalition was a prelude to Union of Krewo in 1385 and Union of Lublin in 1569 that resulted in the new state, Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

During the years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1569 – 1795 ), official documents were written in Polish, Ruthenian and Latin, with Lithuanian being mostly an oral language, with small quantities of written documents.

On 19 June 1651, the Polish Army numbered 14, 844 Polish cavalry, 2, 250 German-style cavalry, 11, 900 German-style infantry and dragoons, 2, 950 Hungarian-style infantry ( haiduks ), 1, 550 Lithuanian volunteers, and 960 Lipka Tatars.

Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky (, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky ; ; ) ( c. 1595 – 6 August 1657 ) was a hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( now part of Ukraine ).

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Category: Polish people of Lithuanian descent

There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago, the Dziennik Związkowy ( Polish Daily News ), Draugas ( the Lithuanian daily newspaper ), the Chicago Reader, the SouthtownStar, the Chicago Defender, the Daily Herald, Newcity, StreetWise and the Windy City Times.

Those important concessions would eventually lead to the ultimately crippling rise of the unique nobles ' democracy in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In 1411, the First Peace of Thorn ended the Polish – Lithuanian – Teutonic War, in which the Teutonic Knights fought the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Pope Martin V appointed Polish King Jogaila and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas as vicar generals in Pskov and Veliky Novgorod in recognition of their Catholicism.

For example, the words preservative ( English ), préservatif ( French ), Präservativ ( German ), prezervativ ( Romanian, Czech, Croatian ), preservativ ( Slovenian ), preservativo ( Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ), prezerwatywa ( Polish ), презерватив " prezervativ " ( Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian ), prezervatif ( Turkish ), præservativ ( Danish ), prezervatyvas ( Lithuanian ), Prezervatīvs ( Latvian ) and preservatiu ( Catalan ) are all derived from the Latin word praeservativum.

In the reunited kingdom, and later in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, the country came to be divided into administrative units called voivodeships.

In Eastern Europe, two states, Russia and the Polish – Lithuanian union, dominated.

Again, the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth would be an exception to this rule, with its unique quasi-democratic Golden Freedom.

Europe in 16th and 17th century was an arena of conflict for domination in the continent between Sweden, the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.

Prussia occupied the western territories of the former Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth that surrounded existing Prussian holdings.

The HRE army was half Polish / Lithuanian Commonwealth forces, mostly cavalry, and half Holy Roman Empire forces ( German / Austrian ), mostly infantry.

The Jagiellon dynasty period brought close ties with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, cultural development and territorial expansion, culminating in the establishment of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569.

Beginning with the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila ( Władysław II Jagiełło ), the Jagiellon dynasty ( 1386 – 1572 ) formed the Polish – Lithuanian union.