In short, it was an indirect insult by the Ottomans to the HRE and the Russians.

As the Holy Roman Empire ( HRE ) was until its dissolution a feudal structure, most of its Dukes were actually reigning in their lands.

Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire ( Prussia was under HRE administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters ), the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves kings in Prussia beginning in 1701.

This situation was most widely exemplified by the Holy Roman Empire ( HRE ) in Europe.

Outside of the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince.

Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had ( enjoyed ) what was known as an immediate relationship with the Emperor.

* Czech, mainly during the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV but also during other periods of Bohemian control over the HRE.

: For emperors of the HRE in the West, see Holy Roman Emperor.

The invasion of the Holy Roman Empire ( HRE ) by Napoleon's French Empire and the subsequent dissolution of the HRE brought about a German liberal nationalism as advocated primarily by the German middle-class bourgeoisie who advocated the creation of a modern German nation-state based upon liberal democracy, constitutionalism, representation, and popular sovereignty while opposing absolutism.

As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes.

Activated nuclear receptors attach to the DNA at receptor-specific hormone-responsive element ( HRE ) sequences, located in the promoter region of the genes activated by the hormone-receptor complex.

Already in February 1600, Albrecht left Altdorf for his Grand Tour through the HRE, France and Italy, where he studied at the universities of Bologna and Padua.

In 2008 30 RX-8 HRE were delivered to Hynor.

Almost all of the following ranks were commonly both sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE.

Sherman felt that his own part in the campaign was skillful and well executed but that the slowness of a part of his army robbed him of the larger fruits of victory.

As always, the ranks worked out new and better tactics, but there was brilliance in the way the field commands adopted these methods and in the way the army commanders incorporated them into their military thinking.

It was hit by a shell fired by the bombarding Venetian army and the great central portion of the temple was blown to smithereens.

In late December, the American army moved from Whitemarsh to Valley Forge, and although the distance was only 13 miles, the journey took more than a week because of the bad weather, the barefooted and almost naked men.

He was a captain, he said, in the army, and on the train to New York his purse and all his money had been stolen, and would I lend him twenty-five dollars to be given him at the General Delivery window??

For a time it appeared that a common European army might be created, but the project for a European Defense Community was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954.

He explained his errand, but without bothering much to make it plausible, for he felt something well up in him which was the reason why he had fled the army.

The form was swathed in an army blanket, much patched, fastened at the neck with a cord.

Jones relented, he did not order his men to apply the torch -- the drove of livestock was driven up the valley, via Beverly, and across the mountains to feed and serve the Confederate army, while Jones and his raiders turned toward Buckhannon to join forces with Imboden.

I point now with pride to the fact that, long ere the Committee on Un-American Activities, the Minute Women, the Economic Council and other such notable `` watchdog '' organizations were so much as heard of, I was Hollywood's leading bulwark against communism, fighting single-handedly `` creeping socialism '' against such insuperable odds as the Fascio-Communist troops of the NRA, PWA, WPA, CCC and an army of more than twenty-two million mercenaries whom F.D.R. employed secretly, through the transparent ruse of regular `` relief '' checks.

An agreement between the leaders of four parties which contested indecisive elections on Oct. 15 was reached after almost 18 hours of political bargaining under the threat of an army coup d'etat.

From the standpoint of the army of duffers, however, this was easily the most heartening exhibition they had had since Ben Hogan fell upon evil ways during his heyday and scored an 11 in the Texas open.

If internal frictions arose, they could be handled by the 25,000-man Congolese army, the Force Publique, which had been trained and was still officered by white Belgians.

Control of the government -- such control as there was and such government as there was -- passed into the hands of Joseph Mobutu, chief of staff of the Congolese army.

The `` hold-back '', as Pentagon mutterers labeled it, apparently was a temporary expedient intended to insure that the army services are built up gradually and, thus, the new funds spent prudently.

Pakistan was created in 1947 expressly as a Muslim state, but when the army took over eleven years later it did so on a wave of mass impatience which was directed in part against the inability of political and religious leaders to think their way through to the meaning of Islam for the modern political situation.

I was twenty-one back then, in the army, and fog put our plane down at Orly instead of Rhine-Main.

I had a pocketful of money, which was unusual when I was in the army, and the plane would be grounded all night.

He was replaced by George Meade, who followed Lee into Pennsylvania for the Gettysburg Campaign, which was a victory for the Union, though Lee's army avoided capture.

Meade's failure to capture Lee's army as it retreated from Gettysburg, and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac, persuaded Lincoln that a change in command was needed.

Valens is killed along with over half of his army.

Müller is about 18 and a half years of age, one of Bäumer's classmates, when he also joins the German army as a volunteer to go to the war.

Over half of the Afghan army would either desert or join the insurrection.

Caesar was now in a dire position, holding a beachhead at Epirus with only half his army, no ability to supply his troops by sea, and limited local support, as the Greek cities were mostly loyal to Pompey.

Ironically, the rise of infantry in the early 16th century coincided with the " golden age " of heavy cavalry ; a French or Spanish army at the beginning of the century could have up to half its numbers made up of various kinds of light and heavy cavalry, whereas in earlier medieval and later 17th century armies the proportion of cavalry was seldom more than a quarter.

Meanwhile Chaytor's Force of infantry and mounted infantry in Anzac Mounted Division held the Jordan Valley, covering the right flank to later advance eastwards to capture Es Salt and Amman and half of a third Ottoman army.

He deployed roughly half of the Ethiopian army to contain the struggle.

Fabius rejected this, and instead let Minucius command half of the army, while he commanded the other half.

Thousands succumbed to a yellow fever during the summer months and more than half of the French army died because of disease.

Over half of the Afghan army would either desert or join the insurrection.

* 1702 – Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow.

In February 360, Constantius II ordered more than half of Julian's Gallic troops to his eastern army, the orders by-passing Julian and going directly to the military commanders.

Conquered by the Ottoman army in the first half of the 15th century, the region remained a part of the Ottoman Empire for nearly 500 years, during which it gained a substantial Turkish minority, especially in the religious sense of Muslim ; some of those Muslims became so through conversions.

In return, the junta agreed to place one-half of the army and half the available munitions under Francia's command.

On May 11, 1182, Saladin along with half of the Egyptian Ayyubid army and numerous non-combatants left Cairo for Syria.

Paragraph 18 declared the " obligation " of every Swiss citizen to serve in the federal army if conscripted ( Wehrpflicht ), setting its size at 3 % of the population plus a reserve of one and one half that number, amounting to a total force of some 80, 000.

The Romans committed no fewer than twelve legions, amounting to one third to one half of the entire Roman army, to reconquer this now independent state.

His close army friend, Major David Swaim, loaned him half the money.

During this period, he wrote that the Allied victory would be in vain if it led to a tyrant worse than Hitler and an army of " Mongolian savages " controlling half of Europe.

Before Operation Reinhard, over half a million Jews had been killed by the Einsatzgruppen, mobile extermination units, in territories conquered by the German army.

The theme ( in the second half of the film ) that Lawrence's Arab army deserted almost to a man as he moved farther north was completely fictional.