The issue was acute because the exiled Polish Government in London, supported in the main by Britain, was still competing with the new Lublin Government formed behind the Red Army.

The Polish Home Army conducted a regular campaign of assassinations against top Nazi German officials in occupied Poland.

On 19 June 1651, the Polish Army numbered 14, 844 Polish cavalry, 2, 250 German-style cavalry, 11, 900 German-style infantry and dragoons, 2, 950 Hungarian-style infantry ( haiduks ), 1, 550 Lithuanian volunteers, and 960 Lipka Tatars.

Following the downfall of Czechoslovakia and occupation of its Czech part by Nazi Germany in 1939, Czechoslovak units and formations served with the Polish Army ( Czechoslovak Legion ), the French Army, the Royal Air Force, the British Army ( the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade ), and the Red Army ( I Corps ).

However some cavalry still served during the Second World War, notably in the Red Army, Italian Royal Army and the Polish Army.

The tactics of guerrilla warfare were used successfully in the 20th century by — among others — the Soviet partisans and the Polish Home Army and the OSS in Burma in World War II ; Mao Zedong and the People's Liberation Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

At the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ), the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Polish King John III Sobieski, decisively defeated a large Turkish army, ending the western colonial Ottoman advance and leading to the eventual dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.

After the outbreak of World War I, which confronted the partitioning powers against each other, Piłsudski's paramilitary units stationed in Galicia were turned into the Polish Legions, and as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Army fought on the Russian front.

The mid-August British-French talks with the Soviets on forming an anti-Nazi defensive military alliance had failed, in part over the Polish government's refusal to allow the Red Army to operate on Polish territory.

On 17 September the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland.

Kosinski also studied in the Soviet Union, and served as a sharpshooter in the Polish Army.

In 1945 Polish and Soviet troops seized the town and it was subsequently attached to Poland, while the remaining German population which had not fled the advancing Red Army was expelled.

On 18 March, the Polish Army re-enacted Poland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony, which had been celebrated for the first time in 1920 by General Józef Haller.

They cited the successes of the newly formed ( 15 January 1918 ) voluntary Red Army against Polish forces of Gen. Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki in Belarus, White forces in the Don region, and newly independent Ukrainian forces as proof that the Red Army could repel German forces, especially if propaganda and asymmetrical warfare were used.

His invention, known as the Polish mine detector, was used by the Allies alongside mechanical methods, to clear the German mine fields during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were shipped to Field Marshal Montgomery's Eighth Army.

# League of Polish Families ( Poland )

# Polish Orthodox Church ( 1924 )

# REDIRECT List of Polish monarchs

# REDIRECT Polish language

# In the northern and western ( formerly German ) regions where Poles from the territories annexed by the Soviet Union resettled after World War II, the older generation speaks a dialect of Polish characteristic of the Eastern Borderlands which resembles Ukrainian or Rusyn — especially in the " longer " pronunciation of vowels.

# Poles living in Lithuania ( particularly in the Vilnius region ), in Belarus ( particularly the northwest ), and in the northeast of Poland continue to speak the Eastern Borderlands dialect which sounds " slushed " ( in Polish described as zaciąganie z ruska, ' speaking with a Russian drawl '), and is easily distinguishable.

# Many Poles living in emigrant communities ( for example in the USA ), whose families left Poland just after World War II, retain a number of minor features of Polish vocabulary as spoken in the first half of the 20th century that now sound archaic, however, to contemporary visitors from Poland.

# REDIRECT Polish Armed Forces

# REDIRECT List of Polish monarchs

# REDIRECT List of Polish monarchs

Polish civilians murdered by Waffen-SS troops ( Azeri Waffen SS Volunteer Formations # Ostmuselmanische SS-Regiment | SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger ) in Warsaw Uprising, August 1944.

# REDIRECT Solidarity ( Polish trade union )

# REDIRECT Polish government-in-exile

# REDIRECT List of Polish monarchs

Exhibit # 254, also introduced by Dodd, was a shrunken head, allegedly used by Ilse Koch as a paperweight, which Dodd claimed was the head of a Polish prisoner at Buchenwald.

# REDIRECT Polish Armed Forces

# REDIRECT reverse Polish notation

Gregory, Texas " Home of Gord's Aluminum Polish " Patent # 7427587

Gregory, Texas " Home of Gord's Aluminum Polish " Patent # 7427587

# A shortened form of * Eleraha, where * Eler in Old German * olisa or Old Slavic olsa ( Polish: olsza ) would mean Erle (" alder ") and aha ( pronounced in German: Acha ) is an old word frequently used in river names to mean " water " ( c. f.

Example from the 1758 Polish tax census of Medzhybizh showing " Baal Shem " as occupying house # 95

# REDIRECT reverse Polish notation

# " The Polish Lightbulb Joke "

# An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.

Prussian Homage ( painting ) | Prussian Homage: Albert and his brothers receive the Duchy of Prussia as a fief from Polish King Sigismund I the Old, 1525.

File: Johann_Haller, _Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_ ( 1506, _cropped ). jpg | King Alexander in Polish Senate, 1506.

Image: 20070124 sejm detale budynek k kobieta z golebiem. jpg | Bas-relief from the Polish Parliament building in Warsaw, Poland

Image: Polish cavalry in Sochaczew ( 1939 ) a. jpg | Polish cavalry galloping through a bombed town during the German invasion of Poland in 1939.

Image: W-3 Sokół. jpg | Polish PZL W-3 Sokół of the 66 Air Force Squadron, 25th Aeromobile Cavalry Brigade.

A Poles in Chicago | Polish market in Chicago

St. Mary of the Angels in Chicago | St. Mary of the Angels, one of Chicago's " Polish Cathedral style | Polish Cathedrals ".

Subjection of Galicia-Volhynia | Ruthenia by the Crown of the Polish Kingdom ( 1366 ), by Jan Matejko

During the Warsaw Uprising ( 1944 ), a Poles | Polish couple, members of an Armia Krajowa resistance group, are married in a secret Catholic chapel in a street in Warsaw.

Polish Navy | Polish destroyer ORP Błyskawica | ORP Błyskawica, currently preserved as a museum ship in Gdynia.

File: Jajka Wielkanoc. jpg | Polish Easter eggs, see also Pisanka ( Polish )

Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus remembered for his development of the heliocentricism | heliocentric model of the Solar System

The three Partitions of Poland | Partitions of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1772, 1793, and 1795 )

Frédéric Chopin wrote modern musical improvisation | improvisation-like piano pieces, many inspired by Music of Poland | Polish folk music

" The Commandant ": Józef Piłsudski | Piłsudski with Polish Legions in World War I | his men in 1915