One of the senior Polish commanders on the day, Duke Bogusław Radziwiłł, wrote that the Polish army had had 80, 000 soldiers.

Moreover, the Polish cavalry brigade order of battle of 1939 included, apart from the mounted soldiers themselves, light and heavy machine guns ( wheeled ), Anti-tank rifle, model 35, anti-aircraft weapon, artillery like Bofors 37 mm anti tank gun or light and scout tanks, etc.

German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes that deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany.

During Napoleon's invasion of Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition, the town was besieged from mid-March to July 2, 1807, by the Grande Armée and by Polish forces drawn from insurgents against Prussian rule ( a street named for the commander leading Polish soldiers is located within the present-day city ).

Marcin Dunin, archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno and Roman Catholic primate of Poland, was imprisoned by Prussian authorities for ten months in 1839-1840 ; after his release, he tried to organise a chaplaincy for the many Polish soldiers stationed in the city.

The beginning of Polish parish in modern times is connected to him In XIX century Polish population of the town consisted among others of Polish soldiers in Prussian service stationed in the city, salt refining specialists from Ciechocinek, political prisoners in local Prussian and permanent Polish inhabitants In the second half of XIX century the Polish community further increased with arrival of Polish workers During the period 1875-1914 an active Polish community grew and through its funds a Catholic school and the Church of Saint Marcin where masses in Polish were held ( initially throughout the season, after about 1890 all the year ), were established.

During the fights, Polish soldiers ' losses were 1013 dead, 142 MIA and 2652 wounded.

The mother tongue of a number of soldiers serving in the garrison of Kolberg was Polish.

On 12 September 1942,, carrying some 80 civilians, 268 British Army soldiers, about 1, 800 Italian prisoners of war, and 160 Polish soldiers ( on guard ), was struck and sunk by a torpedo from Kriegsmarine submarine off the coast of west Africa.

It was originally meant to boost the morale of Polish soldiers serving under General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski in the Polish Legions, which were part of the French Revolutionary Army led by General Napoléon Bonaparte in its conquest of Italy.

The chorus and subsequent stanzas include heart-lifting examples of military heroes, set as role models for Polish soldiers: Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, Napoléon Bonaparte, Stefan Czarniecki and Tadeusz Kościuszko.

Basia ( a female name, diminutive of Barbara ) and her father are fictional characters supposed to evoke a sentimental image of women and elderly men waiting for Polish soldiers to return home and liberate their fatherland.

In the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806, Polish soldiers and civilian volunteers assisted the efforts of Napoleon by driving out Prussian forces from the region.

To him, Andrei Androfski had always been the living symbol of a Polish officer.

The moving of millions of the German master-race, from the very heart of Junkerdom, to make room for the Polish Slavs whom they had enslaved and openly planned to exterminate was a drastic operation, but there was little doubt that it was historically justified.

there had been lessons in French from a small Polish nobleman with a really profound distaste for his pupils ; ;

He was part of an aristocratic Polish family whose members had worked as mathematicians, scientists, and engineers for generations.

Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

The attempts by Konrad of Masovia to subdue the Prussian lands had picked long-term and intense border quarrels, whereby the Polish lands of Masovia, Cuyavia and even Greater Poland became subject to continuous Prussian raids.

From 1955 onwards, the works of directors of the so-called Polish Film School had a great influence on the contemporary trends such as French New Wave, Italian neorealism or even late Classical Hollywood cinema.

According to the Polish Kabbalist, " the legend was known to several persons, thus allowing us to speculate that the legend had indeed circulated for some time before it was committed to writing and, consequently, we may assume that its origins are to be traced to the generation immediately following the death of R. Eliyahu, if not earlier.

To speed up the construction works, the Polish government in November 1924 signed a contract with the French-Polish Consortium for Gdynia Seaport Construction, which by the end of 1925 had built a small seven-metre-deep harbour, the south pier, part of the north pier, a railway, and had also ordered the trans-shipment equipment.

Some 50, 000 Polish citizens, who after 1920 had been brought into the area by the Polish government after the decision to enlarge the harbour was made, were expelled into the General Government.

Also, when the court spent six months in Pleß ( now Pszczyna ), Telemann had an opportunity to hear and study Polish and Moravian folk music, which fascinated and inspired him.

Numerous Polish Jews emigrated to France, Germany and America, founding Jewish communities in places where they had been expelled from during the Middle Ages.

One exception was a military force of Poles from the Polish Legions that had fought in Napoleon's army.

These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral ; those who were partially " Polonized " but " Germanizable "; and Germans who were of Polish nationality.

It had an all-transistor design, 13-digit capacity on a CRT, and introduced Reverse Polish notation ( RPN ) to the calculator market at a price of $ 2200.

The Polish – Lithuanian Union had become an influential player in Europe and a vital cultural entity, spreading the Western culture eastward.

As the authorities reestablished control within the Empire, the revolt in the Kingdom, placed under martial law, had withered as well, leaving tsarist concessions in the areas of national and workers ' rights, including Polish representation in the newly created Russian Duma.

He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed the Polish, ( because it was said to have been inspired by a Polish constitution ), written by Francisco Campos.

His pleograph film camera has been patented already before the Lumière brothers ' invention and he is credited as the author of the earliest surviving Polish documentary titled Ślizgawka w Łazienkach ( Skating-rink in the Royal Baths ), as well as the first short narrative films Powrót birbanta ( Rake's return home ) and Przygoda dorożkarza ( Cabman's Adventure ), both created in 1902.

Describing Flanders as the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium is commonplace, although Jewish groups have been speaking Yiddish in Antwerp for centuries, and Flanders ' minority residents include 170 nationalities — their larger groups speaking French, Berber, Turkish, Arabic, Spanish, Italian and Polish.

His book has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages.

Polish director, Wojciech Has, whose two major films, The Saragossa Manuscript ( 1965 ) and The Hour-Glass Sanatorium ( 1973 ) are examples of modernist fantasies, has been compared to Fellini for the sheer " luxuriance of his images ".

With Woodrow Wilson's support, Polish independence was officially endorsed in June 1918 by the Entente Powers, on whose fronts sizable armies of Polish volunteers had been mobilized and fought.

Finkelstein describes two known frauds, that of The Painted Bird by Polish writer Jerzy Kosinski and Fragments by Binjamin Wilkomirski, and how they were defended by people even after they'd been exposed.

According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.

This marked a significant escalation of the German pressure on Poland, which until then had been confined to private meetings between German and Polish diplomats.

Anti Polish feelings had long been rampant in the agency, and so in marked contrast to their cool attitude about attacking Czechoslovakia in 1938, diplomats like Weizsäcker were highly enthusiastic about the prospect of war with Poland in 1939.

Kult has been published in Swedish, German, English, Italian, Polish, Spanish and French.

Ignacy Łukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist residing in Lvov, had been experimenting with different kerosene distillation techniques, trying to improve on Gesner's process, using local seep oil.

Kashubian literature has been translated into Czech, Polish, English, German, Belarusian, Slovene and Finnish.

A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful ; although the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the fortifications and the two gates.