* Political freedom

Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to ( and a condition of ) " power relations ", or the power of " action upon actions ," by Michel Foucault.

In his work Political Style, Robert Hariman claims, " Furthermore, questions of freedom, equality, and justice often are raised and addressed through performances ranging from debates to demonstrations without loss of moral content ".

This is the case in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on freedom of religion and beliefs.

Political freedom, freedom of speech and basic human rights were strongly compromised in the first three quarters of the twentieth century.

Political rights include natural justice ( procedural fairness ) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial ; due process ; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy ; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote.

* Political liberties ( e. g. representative democratic institutions, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly );

* Political freedom

However, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights left the issue of conscientious objection inexplicit, as we see in this quote from War Resisters International: " Article 18 of the Covenant does put some limits on the right freedom of thought, conscience and religion, stating that manifestations must not infringe on public safety, order, health or morals.

On July 30, 1993, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22, Paragraph 11: " The Covenant does not explicitly refer to a right to conscientious objection, but the Committee believes that such a right can be derived from article 18, inasmuch as the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of conscience and the right to manifest one's religion or belief.

Intellectuals and others were suggesting radical ideas such as: " the CPC should give up power ," " intellectuals are virtually being tortured while living in a communist society ," " there is a total lack of freedom if the CPC is to continue on ruling the country ," " the country should separate with each Political Party controlling a zone of its own " and " Each political party in China should rule in transitional governments, each with a 4 year term.

* Political freedom

Braulio Carrillo, governor of that state had restricted individual liberties, placed limits on freedom of the press, and derogated the Political Constitution of 1825.

# REDIRECT Political freedom

* Political and / or religious freedom

Political institutions should be designed to guarantee freedom, not simply to establish order.

Political freedom is the corollary of economic freedom.

In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ), which is legally binding on member states of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, freedom of thought is listed under Article 18:

British historian Hugh Thomas, in his study Cuba or the pursuit of freedom stated that " perhaps " 5, 000 executions had taken place by 1970, while The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators ascertained that there had been 2, 113 political executions between the years of 1958-67.

:( d ) To report on instances in which the abuse of the right of freedom of expression constitutes an act of racial or religious discrimination, taking into account articles 19 ( 3 ) and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and general comment No. 15 of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which stipulates that the prohibition of the dissemination of all ideas based upon racial superiority or hatred is compatible with the freedom of opinion and expression

( See also: Political status of Taiwan, Legal status of Taiwan )

Political violence against FARC and UP members ( including presidential candidate Jaime Pardo ) was blamed on drug lords and also on members of the security forces ( to a much lesser degree on the argued inaction of Betancur administration ).

__NOTOC__The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a controversial and tightly controlled plebiscite on September 11, 1980, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, partially effective March 11, 1981, fully effective 11 March 1990 and amended considerably on August 17, 1989 ( via referendum ) and on September 22, 2005 ( legislatively ), and also in 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, replaced the earlier constitution of 1925.

Political economy was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the latter 19th century suggested ' economics ' as a shorter term for ' economic science ' that also avoided a narrow political-interest connotation and as similar in form to ' mathematics ', ' ethics ', and so forth.

He is also remembered as one of the pivotal founders of the London School of Economics, whose library is now called the British Library of Political and Economic Science.

Political rebellion also made its home here, whether serious ( John Reed ) or frivolous ( Marcel Duchamp and friends set off balloons from atop Washington Square Arch, proclaiming the founding of " The Independent Republic of Greenwich Village ").

Political philosophies commonly described as libertarian socialist include most varieties of anarchism ( especially anarchist communism, anarchist collectivism, anarcho-syndicalism, mutualism ) as well as autonomism, communalism, participism, some versions of " utopian socialism and individualist anarchism., and also libertarian Marxist philosophies such as council communism and Luxemburgism.

In May 2007, a bill entitled the " Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act, or STOCK Act " was introduced that would hold congressional and federal employees liable for stock trades they made using information they gained through their jobs and also regulate analysts or " Political Intelligence " firms that research government activities.

Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violate the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Political conditions and social attitudes also affect the formation of lesbian relationships and families.

Macau also has representation on the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Weber also formulated a three-component theory of stratification, with Social class, Social status and Political party as conceptually distinct elements.

Political philosophy can also be understood by analysing it through the perspectives of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology.

Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also ( in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily ) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region.

In context of procedural law ; procedural rights may also refer not exhaustively to rights to Information, rights to justice, rights to participation which those rights encompassing, general Civil and Political rights.

Political rhetoric also underwent renewal in the wake of the US and French revolutions.

Political scientists often define competition in Europe during the Modern Era as a balance of power struggle, which also induced various European states to pursue colonial empires, beginning with the Spanish and Portuguese, and later including the British, French, Dutch, and German.

Political awareness and the strengthening of political and economic participation of the Nicaraguan people was also a central goal of the Literacy Campaign.

Until the late 1970s, the First Committee was the Political and Security Committee ( POLISEC ) and there was also a sufficient number of additional " political " matters that an additional, unnumbered main committee, called the Special Political Committee, also sat.

Daniel Goldhagen, former Associate Professor of Political Science at Harvard University, also suggested in his book A Moral Reckoning that the Roman Catholic Church should change its doctrine and the accepted Biblical canon to excise statements he labels as antisemitic, to indicate that " The Jews ' way to God is as legitimate as the Christian way ".

Political murder was one of their well known tools.

It is known as Civic, Social and Political Education ( CSPE ).

Political leaders are known to have claimed actual divinity in certain early societies — the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs being the premier case — taking a role as objects of worship and being credited with superhuman status and powers.

The Politburo (, full: Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated Политбюро ЦК КПСС, Politbyuro TsK KPSS ), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, functioned as the central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In 1805 he became Professor of History and Political Economy at the East India Company College ( now known as Haileybury ) in Hertfordshire.

It has been claimed that Paley was not a very original thinker and that the philosophical part of his treatise on ethics is “ an assemblage of ideas developed by others and is presented to be learned by students rather than debated by colleagues .” Nevertheless, his book The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy ( 1785 ) was a required text at Cambridge and Smith says that Paley ’ s writings were “ once as well known in American colleges as were the readers and spellers of William McGuffey and Noah Webster in the elementary schools .” Although now largely missing from the philosophical canon, Schneewind writes that " utilitarianism first became widely known in England through the work of William Paley.

In 1953, after graduating from " Sciences Po " ( more formally known as the Paris Institute of Political Studies ), he attended Harvard University's summer school, before entering the ENA, the Grande école National School of Administration, which trains France's top civil servants, in 1957.

In November 1931, Dreiser led the National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners ( NCDPP ) to the coalfields of southeastern Kentucky, where they took testimony from coal miners in Pineville and Harlan on the pattern of violence against the miners and their unions by the coal operators known as the Harlan County War.

Katsura's brief reappointment again as Prime Minister again from 21 December 1912 to 20 February 1913 sparked widespread riots in what became known as the Taisho Political Crisis.

* Independence ( also known as Political status, devolution, sovereignty, etc.

to the Unabomber to the Earth Liberation Front ,< cite > Terrorism and Political Violence </ cite > 10 ( 4 ): 1-42 </ ref > It was then announced in 2003 that " eco-terrorist " attacks, known as " ecotage ", had increased from the ELF, ELA and the " Environmental Rangers ", another name used by activists when engaging in similar activity.

The Lincoln and Douglas debates are a well known part of American Political history.

Political fallout from the 1929 crash led Congress to enact a law banning short sellers from selling shares during a downtick ; this was known as the uptick rule, and this was in effect until July 3, 2007 when it was removed by the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC Release No. 34-55970 ).

Psychological warfare ( PSYWAR ), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations ( PSYOP ), have been known by many other names or terms, including Psy Ops, Political Warfare, “ Hearts and Minds ”, and Propaganda.

Berlin is popularly known for his essay " Two Concepts of Liberty ", delivered in 1958 as his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford.

Political opposition to the logging of forests by the process known as clearfelling has grown very strong in recent years ( particularly in the case of woodchipping ), and the extent of future harvesting remains uncertain.

* Crothers, Austin Lane ( 1860 – 1912 )– also known as Austin L. Crothers at The Political Graveyard

The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ; ), also known as the People's PCC or just " The PCC ", is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China.

The former Liberal Party ( still known as National ) absorbed Davy's new " United New Zealand Political Organization ", and adopted the name " the United Party ".

The pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the " three flags ", include: Social justice, Economic Independence, and Political Sovereignty.

In 1933, some prominent Saint Thomas Christians, including T. M. Varghese, worked to organize other communities on a common platform called the Joint Political Congress, which then decided to abstain from participation in the assembly elections, an action that has become known as the Abstention Movement.

" The U. S. government, through USAID ( United States Agency for International Development ), contracted The American Political Foundation to study democracy promotion, which became known as " The Democracy Program.

Thus the defunct right wing MAS became the flourishing left wing vehicle for the coca activist movement known as the Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples.