Livy mentions that other sources claim 32, 000 Macedonians were killed and even one writer who due to " boundless exaggeration " claims 40, 000 but concludes that Polybius is the trustworthy source on this matter.

Polybius states that the Carthaginians had 130 ships, but does not give an exact figure for the Romans.

Lycortas attracted the suspicion of the Romans, and Polybius subsequently was one of the 1, 000 Achaean nobles who were transported to Rome as hostages in 167 BC, and was detained there for 17 years.

In Book VI, Polybius describes the way of the Romans ; he discusses the powers of the different parts of the republic, as well as the rights of the plebeian.

The Carthaginian army in Iberia, excluding the forces in Africa, totaled, according to Polybius, 90, 000 infantry, 12, 000 cavalry and 37 war elephants: it was thus one of the largest in the Hellenistic world and equal in numbers to any that the Romans had yet fielded.

The Romans take hundreds of prisoners from the leading families of Macedonia, including the historian Polybius.

Polybius states that the Libyans fought with equipment taken from previously defeated Romans.

" Polybius describes the weak Carthaginian center as deployed in a crescent, curving out toward the Romans in the middle with the African troops on their flanks in echelon formation.

Polybius says that Philip had no " hope of fighting the Romans at sea ", perhaps referring to a lack of experience and training.

Polybius speaks of " panic " and " disorder " to describe the fleet's hasty retreat, and says that in fact the Romans had sent only a squadron of ten ships, and that because of " inconsiderate alarm ", Philip had missed his best chance to achieve his aims in Illyria, returning to Macedon, " without loss indeed, but with considerable dishonour ".

It may have succeeded an earlier military road from Illyria to Byzantium, as described by Polybius and Cicero, which the Romans apparently built over and / or improved.

Polybius ( 3rd century BC ) writes that " the Romans had freed the Greeks from the enemies of all mankind ".

Although Polybius uses his writings he does also accuse him of being biased towards the Romans and inconsistent.

The famous Greek historian Polybius wrote that Rome used a wrecked Carthaginian quinquereme captured at Messina as a model for the entire fleet, and that the Romans would have otherwise had no basis for design.

Polybius states that the Carthaginians had 130 ships, but does not give an exact figure for the Romans.

During the Third Macedonian War ( 171 – 168 BC ), the League flirted with the idea of an alliance with Perseus, and the Romans punished it by taking several hostages to ensure good behavior, including Polybius, the Hellenistic historian who wrote about the rise of the Roman Republic.

Polybius remarks: “ Greek statesmen, if entrusted with a single talent, though protected by ten checking-clerks, as many seals and twice as many witnesses, yet cannot be induced to keep faith ; whereas among the Romans, in their magistracies and embassies, men have the handling of a great amount of money, and yet from pure respect for their oath keep their faith intact .” ³

According to Polybius, the Romans seized a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme and used it as a blueprint for their own ships, but it is stated that the Roman copies were heavier than the Carthaginian vessels, which were better built.

According to Polybius, the Romans seized a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme, and used it as a blueprint for their own ships.

The eighth book, called Castrametation of the Romans, reconstructs a Roman encampment after the description by Polybius, followed by a military city and monumental bridge supposedly built by the Emperor Trajan.

He was restored by the Romans, who, however, allowed Orophernes to reign jointly with him, as is expressly stated by Appian, and implied by Polybius.

The Oxybii attacked Massallia in 155 BCE ( Polybius, Histories, 33. 7 ) and in consequence their allies the Romans sent a commission, consisting of Flaminius, Popilius Laenas, and Lucius Pupius.

When these were attacked at the Oxybian coastal city of Aegitna ( Polybius, Histories, 33. 10 ), the Romans dispatched an army under the consul Quintus Opimius, who defeated the Oxybii and the Deciates at the battle of Aegitna, three kilometres north of Antipolis ( Cosson, p. 21 ; Polybius, Histories, 33. 11 ).

Assuming that Ictis, Mictis and Corbulo are the same, Diodorus appears to have read Timaeus, who must have read Pytheas, whom Polybius also read.

Polybius wrote several works, the majority of which are lost.

Modern historians are especially impressed with the manner in which Polybius used his sources, and in particular documents, his citation and quotation of his sources.

" However, most of the essential features of the modern definition are present in the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius.

Though the decline of the Roman Empire was the main subject which Zosimus selected, it was perhaps his ambition to imitate Polybius which led him to introduce various matters connected with Persian, Grecian, and Macedonian history, which are not very intimately connected with his main design.

* At Polybius ' request, Scipio Aemilianus manages to gain the support of the Roman statesman Cato the Elder ( whose son has married Scipio's sister Aemilia ) for a proposal to release ( and return to Greece ) the 300 Achaean internees who are still being held without trial after being deported to Rome in 167 BC.

* With the aid of the Greek statesman and historian Polybius, the son of the former Seleucid king Seleucus IV Philopator, Demetrius escapes from Rome, where he has been held as a hostage for many years, and returns to Syria to claim the throne from his nephew Antiochus V. In the resulting dispute, Antiochus V and his regent, Lysias, are overthrown and put to death.

Polybius ' history renders the Roman god Mars by Greek Ares but the Roman god Quirinus by Enyalius, and the same identifications are made by later writers such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus, perhaps only because it made sense that a Roman god who was sometimes confounded with Mars and sometimes differentiated should be represented in Greek by a name that was similarly sometimes equated with Ares ( who definitely corresponded with Mars ) and was sometimes differentiated.

Information regarding the life of Demetrius are drawn mainly from inscription as only Plutarch writes of him, in Life of Aratus, and Polybius makes scarce mentions of him.

Most modern historians, while rejecting Polybius ' figure as flawed, are willing to accept Livy's figure.

The Raetians are first mentioned ( but only incidentally ) by Polybius, and little is heard of them till after the end of the Republic.

The two main sources on the battle are the History of Rome by Livy ( Book XXI ) and Histories of Polybius ( Book III ).

The earliest proto-social scientific observations are to be found in the founding texts of Western philosophy ( Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Polybius and so on ), as well as in the non-European thought of figures such as Confucius.

The Greek historian Polybius thought that democracies are inevitably undone by demagogues.

# After the 70th year of the captivity, Cyrus was king of the Persians in the first year of the 55th Olympiad, as we find in the Library of Diodorus and the Histories of Thallus and Castor, and also in the works of Polybius and Phlegon, but also in those of others who concern themselves with Olympiads: they are all in agreement about the date.

Even after the collapse, and idealization, of Sparta, Polybius wrote, " My object, then, in this digression is to make it manifest by actual facts that, for guarding their own country with absolute safety, and for preserving their own freedom, the legislation of Lycurgus was entirely sufficient ; and for those who are content with these objects we must concede that there neither exists nor ever has existed a constitution and civil order preferable to that of Sparta.

Most of these are purely geographical claims, but he does mention that Eratosthenes ' sources say that some of the Greek kings conquered further than Alexander ; Strabo does not believe them on this, but modern historians do ; nor does he believe that Menander and Demetrius son of Euthydemus conquered more tribes than Alexander There is half a story about Menander in one of the books of Polybius which has not come down to us intact.

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Polybius.

The two main sources on the battle are the History of Rome by Livy ( Book XXI ) and Histories of Polybius ( Book III ).

Proto-sociological observations are to be found in the founding texts of Western philosophy ( Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Polybius and so on ), as well as in the non-European thought of figures such as Confucius.

Roman historians are themselves divided on his presence or absence, and the most reliable of them, Polybius, does not mention his presence at all.

The earliest references to them are found in the texts of ancient historians such as Livy and Polybius who mention Cantabrian mercenaries in Carthaginian service fighting at the Battle of the Metaurus in 207 BC.

The best-known names are those of Timaeus and Polybius.