Polygraphs appeared in the 17th century but did not became popular until 1800.

Derails -- mechanical track devices that actually guide the wheels off the rails if a train passes a `` stop '' signal -- are used in many instances.

( 2 ) Mechanized bunks -- they sit within the feed lot, are filled by a mechanical conveyor above feeding surface ; ;

Because of their location, on the edge of the feed lot, fence-line bunks are not in the way of mechanical manure removal.

The washing process whereby soils are removed consists basically of applying mechanical action to loosen the dirt particles and dried matter in the presence of water which helps to float off the debris and acts, to some extent, as a dissolving and solvating agent.

However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food ), in an electrical circuit, or in a mechanical device.

Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, who must ensure that the work is co-ordinated to construct the design.

Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties.

These are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself.

There are only two specific exercises practiced separately ; the first is lying semi-supine ; resting in this way uses " mechanical advantage " as a means of releasing cumulative muscular tension.

Most of the mechanical clocks are now sold as antiquities as many factories were shut down after First World War and after Second World War.

* Motorboats, which are boats propelled by mechanical means, such as engines.

* Sound transduction — bones are important in the mechanical aspect of overshadowed hearing.

Gone are the days when the Hoffman House flourished on Madison Square, with its famous nudes by Bouguereau ; when barrooms were palaces, on nearly every corner throughout the city ; when Steve Brodie, jumping from Brooklyn Bridge, splashed the entire country with publicity ; when Bowery concert halls dispensed schooners of beer for a nickel, with a stage show thrown in ; when Theis's Music Hall still resounded on 14th Street with its great mechanical organ, the wonder of its day, a place of beauty, with fine paintings and free company and the frankest of female life.

Pencil leads for mechanical pencils are made of graphite ( often mixed with a clay or synthetic binder ).

Heart failure is one condition in which the mechanical properties of the heart have failed or are failing, which means insufficient blood is being circulated.

These joints are usually glued and can be reinforced with mechanical fasteners.

For the study of the mechanical behavior of solids and fluids these are assumed to be continuous bodies, which means that the matter fills the entire region of space it occupies, despite the fact that matter is made of atoms, has voids, and is discrete.

In certain situations, not commonly considered in the analysis of the mechanical behavior or materials, it becomes necessary to include two other types of forces: these are body moments and couple stresses ( surface couples, contact torques ).

Mechanical sorting of mixed waste streams combined with anaerobic digestion or in-vessel composting is called mechanical biological treatment, and are increasingly being used in developed countries due to regulations controlling the amount of organic matter allowed in landfills.

Dislocations are especially important in materials science, because they help determine the mechanical strength of materials.

This does not imply that the solution is an exact one ; they are all approximate quantum mechanical calculations.

Infrared spectroscopy and mechanical strain as a function of temperature are valuable diagnostic tools for diagnosing such problems.

The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and unifies its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton ( which includes nuclear lamina ), a meshwork within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.

Walter Heitler and Fritz London are credited with the first successful quantum mechanical explanation of a chemical bond, specifically that of molecular hydrogen, in 1927.

The decreases, which are largely in construction and in aircraft procurement, are offset in part by increases for research and development and for procurement of other military equipment such as tanks, vehicles, guns, and electronic devices.

Commonly used electronic devices which are found in practically every hospital are closed-circuit TV and audio systems for internal paging and instruction, along with radiation counters, timers, and similar devices.

Harris has indicated that two devices, the Launder-Ometer and Terg-O-Tometer are most widely used for rapid detergent testing, and he has listed the commercially available standard soiled fabrics.

The major defensive problems are concerned with the possibility of overt military delivery of biological agents from appropriate disseminating devices.

These minimum costs may come to $1 per month, more or less, for residential and small commercial customers, although they are substantially higher for large industrial users, who require more costly connections and metering devices.

The Postmaster General recently reported that mail order frauds -- among which fake therapeutic devices figure prominently -- are at the highest level in history.

`` Purely from the business man's standpoint and without regard to the lawyer's view '', commented a trade journal, `` the matter of patents in the automobile and accessory trade is developing some phases and results that challenge thought as to how far patents are to become weapons of warfare in business, instead of simple beneficient protection devices for encouraging inventive creation ''.

Many of the features of the homes are the latest modern devices in American homes, but an interesting blend of cultures finds us using Japanese artfulness in our own Western architecture at the same time that the Japanese are adopting Western utility patterns.

They may be as basic as pictures on a board that the are used to request food, drink, or other care ; or they can be advanced speech generating devices, based on speech synthesis, that are capable of storing hundreds of phrases and words.

The names and divisions are classification devices based on theoretical perspectives, analytical methods and data available at the time of analysis and publication.

The transducers in most common loudspeakers ( e. g. woofers and tweeters ), are electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven by an electromagnetic voice coil, sending off pressure waves.

* Angle-sensitive pixels are CMOS devices that relate angle information about the incident light field

Maritime support aircraft can drop active and passive sonar devices ( sonobuoys ) and these are also used to determine the location of hostile submarines.

In most modern computers and many external storage devices, the memory is a one-dimensional array of words, whose indices are their addresses.

Similar devices are present in the works of numerous others, such as Frank Herbert and Philip Pullman, who called his a lodestone resonator.

Most of these devices are beam type specimens.

Sources of electromagnetic noise are power lines, radio and television stations, wireless devices, Compact fluorescent lamps and electric motors.

In common speech the word artillery is often used to refer to individual devices, together with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly referred to as equipments.