Only the death of Stephen, the great hospodar of Moldavia, enabled Poland still to hold her own on the Danube River ; while the liberality of Pope Julius II, who issued no fewer than 29 bulls in favor of Poland and granted Alexander Peter's Pence and other financial help, enabled him to restrain somewhat the arrogance of the Teutonic Order.

* 1509 – Pope Julius II places the Italian state of Venice under interdict.

According to this account, Athanasius composed it during his exile in Rome, and presented it to Pope Julius I as a witness to his orthodoxy.

Pope Julius I wrote to the supporters of Arius strongly urging the reinstatement of Athanasius, but that effort proved to be in vain.

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

Reopened at Trent on 1 May 1551 by convocation of Pope Julius III ( 1550 – 5 ), it was broken up by the sudden victory of Maurice, Elector of Saxony over the Emperor Charles V and his march into surrounding state of Tirol on 28 April 1552.

This object had been one of the causes calling forth the reformatory councils and had been lightly touched upon by the Fifth Council of the Lateran under Pope Julius II.

Cesare then broke out of the Castel Sant ' Angelo and escaped, but the accession of the Borgias ' deadly enemy, Giuliano della Rovere, as Pope Julius II caused his final ruin.

Coming from modest beginnings in Savona, Liguria, the family rose to prominence through nepotism and ambitious marriages arranged by two Della Rovere popes, Francesco della Rovere, who ruled as Pope Sixtus IV ( 1471 – 1484 ) and his nephew Giuliano ( Pope Julius II, 1503 – 1513 ).

Guidobaldo da Montefeltro adopted Francesco Maria I della Rovere, his sister's child and nephew of Pope Julius II.

* 1443 – Pope Julius II ( d. 1513 )

* 1508 – The League of Cambrai is formed by Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon as an alliance against Venice.

His first published compositions, a book of Masses, had made so favorable an impression with Pope Julius III ( previously the Bishop of Palestrina ) that he appointed Palestrina musical director of the Julian Chapel.

In return, Pope Julius II honoured Zwingli by providing him with an annual pension.

Getting agreement took many months, and Mary and Pope Julius III had to make a major concession: the monastery lands confiscated under Henry were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of the new landowners, who were very influential.

In 1505, Michelangelo was invited back to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II.

In 1513, Pope Julius II died and his successor Pope Leo X, of the Medici family, commissioned Michelangelo to reconstruct the façade of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and to adorn it with sculptures.

However, in August 1512 the Medici, helped by Pope Julius II, used Spanish troops to defeat the Florentines at Prato.

Popes like Alexander VI, an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politician, and Pope Julius II, a formidable general and statesman, were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends, which included increasing the power of the papacy.

Hypatius condemned it along with the Apollinarian texts, distributed during the Nestorian controversy under the names of Pope Julius and Athanasius, which the monophysites entered as evidence supporting their position.

Pope Marcellus II ( 6 May 1501 – 1 May 1555 ), born Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi, was Pope from 9 April 1555 to 1 May 1555, succeeding Pope Julius III.

In 355 Constantius became the sole Emperor and extended his pro-Arian policy toward the western provinces, frequently using force to push through his creed, even exiling Pope Liberius and installing Antipope Felix II.

Ozanam was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1997.

# REDIRECT Pope Adrian II

* Pope Adrian II ( 792 – 872 )

" On his arrival in Rome, however, charges of simony, or the buying of ecclesiastical office, and lack of learning were brought against him, and his elevation to York was refused by Pope Nicholas II, who also deposed him from Worcester.

Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II.

* Pope Alexander II, Pope from 1061 to 1073

In 1095 his ambassadors appeared before Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza.

In 1143, he wrote to Pope Innocent II to declare himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, swearing to pursue driving the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula.

After being excommunicated for his audacities by Pope Honorius III, Afonso II promised to make amends to the church, but he died in 1223 before making any serious attempts to do so.

Pope Innocent IV then ordered Sancho II to be removed from the throne and be replaced by the Count of Boulogne.

The intervention of Pope Calixtus II brought about an arrangement between the old man and his young namesake.

* Pope Anastasius II

* Pope Anastasius II – Pope 496 – 498

From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac ( later, Pope Sylvester II ) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe.

At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Adhemar showed great zeal for the crusade ( there is evidence Urban II had conferred with Adhemar before the council ) and having been named apostolic legate and appointed to lead the crusade by Pope Urban II, he accompanied Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, to the east.

When at last successful, he was excommunicated by Pope Callixtus II for having expelled the monks of Saint-Gilles, who had aided his enemies.

* 2005 – Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected the 265th Pope of the Catholic Church following the death of Pope John Paul II.

* 1149 – Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.

Angilbert delivered the document on Iconoclasm from the Frankish Synod of Frankfurt to Pope Adrian I, and was later sent on three important embassies to the pope, in 792, 794 and 796.

In 1884, he was created by Pope Leo XIII Archbishop of Caesarea in partibus and sent to India as an Apostolic Delegate to report on the establishment of the hierarchy there.

In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who " anointed him as king ".

Afonso wed Maud of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, and sent ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the Pope.

He was next sent by the Pope to the Emperor Sigismund to ask his aid in the pope's efforts to end this Council, which for five years had been encroaching on papal prerogatives.

The first Archbishop of Canterbury was St Augustine ( not to be confused with St Augustine of Hippo ), who arrived in Kent in 597 AD, having been sent by Pope Gregory I on a mission to the English.

After the murder in that year of Henry III of France, Pope Sixtus V sent Enrico Caetani as legate to Paris to negotiate with the Catholic League of France, and chose Bellarmine to accompany him as theologian.

Pope Cyril I of Alexandria, supported by the entire See, sent a letter to Nestorius known as " The Third Epistle of Saint Cyril to Nestorius.

There was an opinion in the Church that viewed that perhaps the Council understood the Church of Alexandria correctly, but wanted to curtail the existing power of the Alexandrine Hierarch, especially after the events that happened several years before at Constantinople from Pope Theophilus of Alexandria towards Patriarch John Chrysostom and the unfortunate turnouts of the Second Council of Ephesus in AD 449, where Eutichus misled Pope Dioscorus and the Council in confessing the Orthodox Faith in writing and then renouncing it after the Council, which in turn, had upset Rome, especially that the Tome which was sent was not read during the Council sessions.

In 1147, Pope Eugene III sent a legate to the Cathar district in order to arrest the progress of the Cathars.

At first Pope Innocent III tried pacific conversion, and sent a number of legates into the Cathar regions.

The Danish historian Caspar Paludan-Müller in 1873 in his book " Sagnet om den himmelfaldne Danebrogsfane " put forth the theory that it is a banner sent by the Pope to the Danish King to use in his crusades in the Baltic countries.

The Pope did not attend, although he sent legates to some of them.

Attempts to conquer Prussian land began in 997, when Bolesław I Chrobry, at the urging of the Pope, sent a contingent of soldiers and a missionary ( Adalbert of Prague ) to the pagan Prussians on a crusade of conquest and conversion.

In 1343 he had been sent to Pope Clement VI at Avignon to negotiate a grant of a tax on the revenues of the Church for the Crusade.

Entering the service of Eberhard, prince-bishop of Liège, he was sent by that prelate on a mission to Rome, where Pope Leo X retained him, giving him ( 1519 ) the office of librarian of the Vatican.

He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. When the papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations.

The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848, and Louis Napoleon sent a 14, 000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him.

In 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to Exuperius, a Gallic bishop.

The clergy of that city, many of whom were suffering imprisonment for the faith, sent him in 177 to Rome with a letter to Pope Eleuterus concerning the heresy Montanism, and that occasion bore emphatic testimony to his merits.

While he was in prison, Pope Pius IX sent Davis a portrait inscribed with the Latin words, " Venite ad me omnes qui laboratis, et ego reficiam vos, dicit Dominus ", which comes from Matthew 11: 28 and translates as, " Come to me all ye who labor and are heavy burdened and I will give you rest, sayeth the Lord.

He was sent from Italy to England by Pope Gregory the Great, on a mission to Christianize the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism, probably arriving with the second group of missionaries despatched in 601.

Justus was an Italian and a member of the Gregorian mission sent to England by Pope Gregory I.

It was under these conditions that Pope Gregory XI, who in January, 1377, had gone from Avignon to Rome, sent on 22 May five copies of his bull against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the others to the Bishop of London, King Edward III, the Chancellor, and the university ; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State.