By this document the Church gave up much of what had been claimed and subsequently attained by Pope Gregory VII and his Gregorian Reforms.

John Wycliffe's entrance upon the stage of ecclesiastical politics is usually related to the question of feudal tribute to which England had been rendered liable by King John, which was not paid for thirty-three years until Pope Urban V in 1365 claimed it.

In Rome there were many who claimed to be the rightful bishop though again Irenaeus stressed the validity of one line of bishops from the time of St. Peter up to his contemporary Pope Victor I and listed them.

In 800 Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish ruler Charlemagne as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the Holy Roman Empire ; from that date onward the popes claimed the prerogative to crown the Emperor, though the right fell into disuse after the coronation of Charles V in 1530.

A medieval tradition claimed that Pope Joan, a woman disguised as a man, was Benedict's immediate predecessor.

Pope Boniface VIII claimed that the popes were the final authority over both the church and the state.

As archbishop, he was appointed papal legate to France by Pope Paschal II during the time that Paschal was induced under pressure from Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to issue the Privilegium of 1111, by which he yielded much of the papal prerogatives that had been so forcefully claimed by Pope Gregory VII in the Gregorian Reforms.

Silverius refused to this and Vigilius then claimed to Belisarius that Pope Silverius had written to Witiges offering to betray the city.

Others, however, claimed that the Pope resisted his power ; there is some evidence that Sergius IV gave political backing to an anti-Crescentius faction in the city.

The Academy has its origins in the Accademia dei Lincei (" Academy of Lynxes ") established in Rome in 1603, under Pope Clement VIII by the learned Roman prince, Federico Cesi ( 1585 – 1630 ), who was a young botanist and naturalist, and which claimed Galileo Galilei as its president.

A decade before the break the king wrote a book in defence of Catholic doctrine for which the Pope rewarded him with the title of Defender of the Faith, a title revoked by the Pope following Henry's break with Rome but still claimed and held by English and, after 1707, British monarchs after being bestowed on the monarch by Parliament.

Several centuries later the legend was claimed as fact by Pope Pius II.

Gladstone claimed that this decree had placed British Catholics in a dilemma over their loyalty to the Crown and their loyalty to the Pope.

He further claimed that the Pope wanted to destroy the rule of law and replace it with arbitrary tyranny, and then to hide these " crimes against liberty beneath a suffocating cloud of incense ".

Yamoussoukro is also the site of what is claimed to be the largest Christian place of worship on Earth: The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro, consecrated by Pope John Paul II on 10 September 1990.

* Byzantine emperor Justinian II sends a fleet to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine and the archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claimed to be independent of the pope's authority.

A medieval tradition claimed that a woman, Pope Joan, succeeded him, disguising herself as a man, but Joan is generally believed to be fictitious.

Alfonso had no legitimate male heir, and in 1597 Ferrara was claimed as a vacant fief by Pope Clement VIII, as was also Comacchio.

" He now claimed that he had predicted the deaths of Lorenzo de ’ Medici and of Pope Innocent VIII in 1492 and the coming of the sword to Italy — the invasion of King Charles of France.

Pope Gregory I, who gave his name to the musical repertory and may himself have been a composer, is usually claimed to be the originator of the musical portion of the liturgy in its present form, though the sources giving details on his contribution date from more than a hundred years after his death.

In 1996, as his health declined, he proclaimed himself the 13th Apostle and claimed to have secret meetings with the Pope.

The gold cross represents Duke William of Normandy, who, it is claimed, had such a cross on his flag in the Battle of Hastings, given to him by Pope Alexander II.

After the death of his first consort, Maria of Tver ( 1467 ), and at the suggestion of Pope Paul II ( 1469 ), who hoped thereby to bind Russia to the Holy See, Ivan III wedded Sophia Paleologue ( also known under her original Greek and Orthodox name of Zoe ), daughter of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Morea, who claimed the throne of Constantinople as the brother of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor.

Finally, Andrew made an agreement with his son with the mediation of Pope Honorius III and the junior king took over again the government of Slavonia, Dalmatia and Croatia.

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

* Sciarra Colonna, who took part in the Outrage of Anagni against Pope Boniface IV

The next year Peter of Morrone, having been, despite his reluctance, elected Pope by the name of Celestine V, the order he had founded took the name of Celestines.

Pope Nicholas I and the western bishops took up the cause of Ignatios and condemned Photios's election as uncanonical.

From that time, Galenism took on a new, unquestioned authority, Galen even being referred to as the " Medical Pope of the Middle Ages ".

In 1359 following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle.

Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, Philby continued to live alone in Ajaltun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor, the Seattle-born wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer.

Mieszko I also appeared as " Dagome " in a papal document from about 1085, called Dagome iudex, which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope ( the act took place almost a hundred years earlier ).

Getting agreement took many months, and Mary and Pope Julius III had to make a major concession: the monastery lands confiscated under Henry were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of the new landowners, who were very influential.

It took four years and an appeal to the Pope before the body was allowed to be transported to Genoa, but was still not buried.

Saint Boniface described Pope Gregory II as vicar of Peter in the oath of fealty that he took in 722.

After the Dark Age and Medieval chroniclers, various Protestant writers took up the Pope Joan legend in their anti-Catholic writings.

One of John XXI's few acts during his brief reign was the reversal of a decree recently passed at the Second Council of Lyon ( 1274 ) that not only confined cardinals in solitude until they elected a successor Pope, but also progressively restricted their supplies of food and wine if their deliberations took too long.

There, at the suggestion of Jonathas, the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano, who was a partisan of the Pierleoni family, the Cardinals unanimously elected as Pope the Cardinal-Priest of Sant ’ Anastasia, Theobaldo Boccapecci, who took the name Celestine II.

The next day, and contrary to the usual customs, Honorius was quickly buried without any pomp or ceremony in the monastery, as the hand-picked cardinals got around to electing Gregorio Papareschi, who took the name Pope Innocent II.

He was the last Pope who was married before he took Holy Orders.

When Martin IV died on 28 March 1285, at Perugia, Cardinal Savelli was unanimously elected Pope on 20 May and took the name of Honorius IV.

Thus, when the new Pope in 1281 took the name Martin, he became Martin IV.

Thus, when the new Pope in 1281 took the name Martin, he became Martin IV.

At the time of the election of Benedict XI, however, this status was not recognized, and the man the Roman Catholic Church officially considers the tenth true Pope Benedict took the official number XI, rather than X.

At the time of Benedict's erection, however, this status was not recognized, thus the man the Roman Catholic Church officially considers the eleventh true Pope Benedict took the official number XII, rather than XI.

The new Pope and his supporters remained at the church until Sunday, 29 December, for the formal ordination customarily took place on a Sunday.

After Pope Benedict VI was murdered, Franco elevated to the papacy throne and took the name Boniface VII.